Table 2. Comparison of Characteristics and Outcomes Between the 6 Groups With Different Proactivity Levels.
| Variable | Highly continuous regular | Highly continuous irregular | Moderately continuous regular | Moderately continuous irregular | Noncontinuous regular | Noncontinuous irregular |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) of beneficiaries | 84 897 (16.83) | 90 482 (17.94) | 40 491 (8.03) | 124 055 (24.59) | 25 954 (5.14) | 138 592 (27.47) |
| No. (%) of beneficiaries with visit frequency <10.68a | 1898 (2.24) | 1743 (1.93) | 1801 (4.45) | 4244 (3.42) | 463 (1.78) | 5785 (4.17) |
| Visit frequency per y, median (range) | 2.33 (1 to 52) | 2.67 (1 to 88) | 3 (1 to 79.67) | 3.35 (1 to 103.56) | 2 (1 to 58.77) | 3.33 (1 to 83) |
| CoV, median (range) | 0.38 (0 to 0.59) | 0.82 (0.59 to 4.86) | 0.47 (0 to 0.59) | 0.86 (0.59 to 6.57) | 0.46 (0 to 0.59) | 0.92 (0.59 to 4.95) |
| Physician entropy, median (range) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0.05 (0 to 0.09) | 0.05 (0 to 0.09) | 0.12 (0.09 to 0.34) | 0.13 (0.09 to 0.42) |
| Organizational entropy, median (range) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0.02 (0 to 0.09) | 0.03 (0 to 0.09) | 0.09 (0 to 0.26) | 0.1 (0 to 0.42) |
| RAF score, mean (SD) | 0.88 (0.79) | 0.93 (0.85) | 0.96 (0.89) | 1.06 (0.99) | 0.95 (0.9) | 1.15 (1.08) |
| Medicare expenditures, mean (SD), $ | 8367 (19 094) | 9884 (20 626) | 10 451 (22 937) | 12 617 (23 862) | 10 791 (22 180) | 14 269 (24 624) |
| No. of ED visits per 1000 | 305 | 391 | 403 | 509 | 457 | 640 |
| No. of hospitalizations per 1000 | 159 | 198 | 199 | 253 | 213 | 283 |
| Savings in Medicare expenditures, mean (SD), $ | 1471 (17 351) | 945 (18 612) | 184 (21 049) | −821 (21 531) | −647 (19 900) | −1940 (21 916) |
| RA Medicare expenditures (95% CI), $ | 10 392 (10 165 to 10 625) | 11 440 (11 223 to 11 659) | 11 711 (11 367 to 12 062) | 12 428 (12 171 to 12 677) | 12 394 (12 018 to 12 770) | 12 456 (11 934 to 12 976) |
| RA No. of ED visits per 1000 (95% CI) | 321 (314 to 328) | 405 (398 to 413) | 397 (387 to 406) | 480 (471 to 489) | 431 (418 to 445) | 540 (531 to 549) |
| RA No. of hospitalizations per 1000 (95% CI) | 166 (162 to 169) | 193 (188 to 197) | 184 (178 to 189) | 207 (203 to 211) | 198 (191 to 205) | 211 (207 to 215) |
Abbreviations: CoV, coefficient of variation; ED, emergency department; RA, risk-adjusted; RAF, risk adjustment factor.
a
10.68 is the number of visits associated with the highest savings as seen in Figure 1.