Table 1.

Types of biosurfactants and their applications

Class of biosurfactants	Subtypes of biosurfactants	Microbial origin	Applications	Reference
Glycolipids	Rhamnolipids	Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, P. aeruginosa GS3, P. aeruginosa BS2, Bacillus sp. AB-2, Pseudomonas aeruginosa FA1	Bioremediation of petroleum and heavy metals, prevent formation of biofilm, antimicrobial agent, antifungal agent, antiprotozoal, antiaging, anticancer drugs, used as a low-cost substrate made from agroprocessing waste	(Patel and Desai 1997) (Herzog et al. 2020) (Kareem and Mussa 2020) (Kashif et al. 2022) (Zhao et al. 2023)
	Sophorolipids	Torulopsisbombicola ATCC 22214, T. apicola and T. petrophilum Candida sp. SY 16, Eucalyptus camaldulensis	Antifungal activity, biocontrol agent, cosmetics, increase shelf life of bread, antialgal, antimycoplasma, antifungal agent and desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).	(Kim et al. 2006) (Li et al. 2020) (Kareem and Mussa 2020) (Kariyawasam et al. 2023)
	Trehalolipids	Nocardia, Mycobaterium and Corynebacterium, Rhodococcuserythropolis DSM 43215, R. erythropolis 3C-9, Rhodococcus sp. PML026, Rhodococcusruber IEGM 231, Fusariumfujikuroi UFSM-BAS-01.	Antitumor effectiveness, inducting the murine macrophages to outputted nitric oxide (NO-), exhortation the cytokines productions, consolidation the antigenic activity and participate in the regulation of T-cell immunity.	(Peng et al. 2007) (Reis et al. 2018) (Kuyukina and Ivshina 2019) (Kareem and Mussa 2020) (Jimoh et al. 2021) (Gein et al. 2022)
Lipopeptides	Surfactin	Bacillussubtilis A21, Bacillus pumilus A1, Bacillus megaterium ATTC 14581	Anti-tumor activity against the human breast cancer cells, anti-endotoxin agent, surfactin for oral delivery of insulin, implicated in the bioaccumulation and biosorption of Pb and Ar.	(Morikawa et al. 1992) (Hwang et al. 2007) (Duarte et al. 2014) (Zhang et al. 2016) (Fei et al. 2020) (El-Sheshtawy et al. 2022)
	Arthrofactin	Actinomyces, Arthrobacter and Streptomyces.	Antimicrobial action by disrupting microbial biofilm.	(Sari et al. 2020)
Polymeric biosurfactants	Emulsan	Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter Calcoaceticus BD4, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus PTCC1318	Microbially enhanced oil recovery (MEOR), treatment of dental plaque, phosphate removal from waste-water.	(Kaplan et al. 1987) (Gutnick et al. 1991) (Amani and Kariminezhad 2016)
Fatty acids and phospholipids biosurfactants	Phospholipids	Corynebacterium Lepus	Cosmetics, household formulations and bioremediation.	(Saharan et al. 2011) (Busi and Rajkumari 2017) (Lee et al. 2018)