TABLE 3.
Deregulated metabolites associated with pulmonary complications in SSc patients.
| Pulmonary complications | Sample type | Sample size | Analytical technique | Altered metabolites | Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAH | Serum | SSc- PAH: 15 | HPLC-FLD | Increased: Asymmetric dimethylarginine, symmetric dimethylarginine | Thakkar et al. (2016) |
| SSc Non-PAH: 30 | Decreased: L-Arginine | ||||
| Plasma | SSc- PAH: 8 | H NMRS | Increased: Acetoacetate, Alanine, Lactate, VLDL, LDL | Deidda et al. (2017) | |
| SSc Non-PAH: 10 | Decreased: γ-Aminobutyrate, arginine, betaine, choline, creatinine, glucose, glutamate, glycine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine | ||||
| ILD | Plasma | SSc-ILD: 65 | HPLC-FLD | Increased: Homocysteine | ichiro et al. (2014) |
| SSc Non-ILD: 151 | Decreased: NR | ||||
| SSc-ILD: 62 | HPLC-FLD | Increased: Homocysteine | Caramaschi et al. (2003) | ||
| SSc Non-ILD: 9 | Decreased: NR | ||||
| SSc-ILD: 18 | HPLC-Q-TOF-MS | Increased: N-(1-deoxy-1-fructosyl)-Valine, N-(1-deoxy-1-fructosyl)-leucine, N-(1-deoxy-1-fructosyl)-Isoleucine | Fernández-Ochoa ÁQuirantes-Piné et al. (2019) | ||
| SSc Non-ILD: 41 | Decreased: NR | ||||
| SSc-ILD: 26 | HPLC-TQ-MS | Increased: Valine, Arginine | Smolenska et al. (2020) | ||
| SSc Non-ILD: 16 | Decreased: NR | ||||
| SSc-ILD: 14 | HPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS | Increased: NR | Geroldinger-Simić et al. (2021) | ||
| SSc Non-ILD: 38 | Decreased: Phosphatidylethanolamine 36:3, 38:5, 38:6 | ||||
| Serum | Stable SSc-ILD: 12 | UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS | Increased: L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, Xanthosine | Meier et al. (2020) | |
| Progressive SSc-ILD: 12 | Decreased: Adenosine monophosphate | ||||
| SSc-ILD: 19 | UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS | Increased: L-Glutamine | Sun et al. (2022) | ||
| SSc Non-ILD: 11 | Decreased: Ile-Ala, Androsterone sulfate | ||||
| Urine | SSc-ILD: 18 | HPLC-Q-TOF-MS | Increased: Valyl valine, kynurenic acid, L-proline, proline-histidine, quinolinic acid, β-D-glucopyrapyranosil anthranilate | Fernández-Ochoa ÁQuirantes-Piné et al. (2019) | |
| SSc Non-ILD: 41 | Decreased: NR |
Increased and decreased metabolites shown in the table correspond to altered metabolites in PAH, patients compared to non-PAH, patients and in ILD, patients compared to non-ILD, patients. Abbreviations: PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; ILD, interstitial lung disease; HPLC-SPE, High-performance liquid chromatography with solid phase extraction; H NMRS, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry; HPLC-FLD, High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection; HPLC-Q-TOF-MS, High-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; HPLC-MS, High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; HPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS, high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; UHPLC-MS, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; NR, not reported.