Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Subjects by Presence of DM and CKD
| Missing | Overall (N = 5,239) | No DM, No CKD (n = 1,645) |
DM Only (No CKD) (n = 1,107) |
CKD Only (No DM) (n = 1,087) |
DM+CKD (n = 1,400) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HFpEF | 0 (0) | 1,332 (25.4) | 390 (23.7) | 276 (24.9) | 265 (24.4) | 401 (28.6) | 0.012 |
| Age at baseline, y | 0 (0) | 63.1 ± 13.3 | 58.7 ± 14.5 | 61.1 ± 11.2 | 67.3 ± 13.5 | 66.7 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
| Female | 0 (0) | 1,524 (29.1) | 465 (28.3) | 272 (24.6) | 322 (29.6) | 465 (33.2) | <0.001 |
| Geographical region | 0 (0) | <0.001 | |||||
| Northeast Asia | 1,826 (34.9) | 674 (41.0) | 355 (32.1) | 409 (37.6) | 388 (27.7) | ||
| South Asia | 1,091 (20.8) | 410 (24.9) | 266 (24.0) | 199 (18.3) | 216 (15.4) | ||
| Southeast Asia | 2,322 (44.3) | 561 (34.1) | 486 (43.9) | 479 (44.1) | 796 (56.9) | ||
| Regional income level | 0 (0) | <0.001 | |||||
| Low | 1,423 (27.1) | 503 (30.6) | 316 (28.5) | 302 (27.8) | 302 (21.6) | ||
| Middle | 569 (10.9) | 156 (9.5) | 116 (10.5) | 128 (11.8) | 169 (12.1) | ||
| High | 3,247 (62.0) | 986 (59.9) | 675 (61.0) | 657 (60.4) | 929 (66.4) | ||
| Household income | 830 (15.8) | <0.001 | |||||
| <$1,000 | 2,294 (52.0) | 661 (46.1) | 480 (51.7) | 506 (54.1) | 647 (58.2) | ||
| $1,000-$2,999 | 884 (20.1) | 319 (22.3) | 184 (19.8) | 173 (18.5) | 208 (18.7) | ||
| ≥$3,000 | 503 (11.4) | 214 (14.9) | 102 (11.0) | 101 (10.8) | 86 (7.7) | ||
| Decline to respond | 728 (16.5) | 239 (16.7) | 163 (17.5) | 155 (16.6) | 171 (15.4) | ||
| Highest education | 830 (15.8) | <0.001 | |||||
| None or primary | 1,411 (32.0) | 391 (27.3) | 266 (28.6) | 325 (34.8) | 429 (38.6) | ||
| Secondary | 1,370 (31.1) | 455 (31.8) | 301 (32.4) | 270 (28.9) | 344 (30.9) | ||
| Preuniversity | 612 (13.9) | 219 (15.3) | 149 (16.0) | 124 (13.3) | 120 (10.8) | ||
| Degree or higher | 860 (19.5) | 317 (22.1) | 186 (20.0) | 174 (18.6) | 183 (16.5) | ||
| Decline to respond | 156 (3.5) | 51 (3.6) | 27 (2.9) | 42 (4.5) | 36 (3.2) | ||
| Ethnicity | 0 (0) | <0.001 | |||||
| Chinese | 1,792 (34.2) | 518 (31.5) | 368 (33.2) | 369 (33.9) | 537 (38.4) | ||
| Indian | 1,330 (25.4) | 449 (27.3) | 350 (31.6) | 215 (19.8) | 316 (22.6) | ||
| Malay | 819 (15.6) | 176 (10.7) | 175 (15.8) | 174 (16.0) | 294 (21.0) | ||
| Japanese/Korean | 975 (18.6) | 402 (24.4) | 170 (15.4) | 237 (21.8) | 166 (11.9) | ||
| Thai/Filipino/other | 323 (6.2) | 100 (6.1) | 44 (4.0) | 92 (8.5) | 87 (6.2) | ||
| Inpatient enrollment | 0 (0) | 2,281 (43.5) | 581 (35.3) | 463 (41.8) | 495 (45.5) | 742 (53.0) | <0.001 |
| NYHA functional class III/IV | 791 (15.1) | 1,394 (31.3) | 378 (27.1) | 282 (30.2) | 310 (34.0) | 424 (35.2) | <0.001 |
| LVEF at baseline | 0 (0) | 31 (23-50) | 30.0 (23.0-39.0) | 30.0 (23.0-39.9) | 30.3 (23.0-39.0) | 32.0 (25.0-53.0) | 0.003 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 40 (0.8) | 25.4 (5.6) | 24.8 (5.8) | 24.2 (4.9) | 26.4 (5.6) | 26.1 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 29 (0.6) | 77 (68-88) | 79.1 ± 16.2 | 80.3 ± 15.9 | 77.7 ± 16.6 | 78.6 ± 15.2 | 0.002 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 29 (0.6) | 120 (108-134) | 119.2 ± 20.2 | 122.2 ± 20.8 | 120.7 ± 22.5 | 126.6 ± 22.1 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 3 (0.1) | 70 (62-80) | 72.9 ± 13.0 | 72.9 ± 12.4 | 71.5 ± 13.5 | 71.0 ± 12.4 | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 2 (0) | 2,486 (47.5) | 571 (34.8) | 594 (53.7) | 461 (42.4) | 860 (61.5) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 2 (0) | 1,151 (22.0) | 345 (21.0) | 187 (16.9) | 309 (28.4) | 310 (22.1) | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension | 1 (0) | 3,193 (61.0) | 699 (42.5) | 758 (68.5) | 630 (58.0) | 1,106 (79.1) | <0.001 |
| Prior stroke | 4 (0.1) | 422 (8.1) | 90 (5.5) | 93 (8.4) | 90 (8.3) | 149 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| Peripheral arterial vascular disease | 1 (0) | 178 (3.4) | 27 (1.6) | 36 (3.3) | 23 (2.1) | 92 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 884 (16.9) | 459 (8.8) | 137 (8.3) | 101 (9.1) | 100 (9.2) | 121 (8.6) | 0.84 |
| Anemia | 2 (0) | 2,033 (46.7) | 394 (29.7) | 362 (41.0) | 462 (49.7) | 815 (67.1) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, ever vs never | 3 (0.1) | 2,155 (41.2) | 691 (42.0) | 495 (44.7) | 437 (40.2) | 532 (38.1) | 0.007 |
| Alcohol, ever vs never | 58 (1.1) | 1,369 (26.2) | 481 (29.2) | 323 (29.2) | 260 (23.9) | 305 (21.8) | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 58 (1.1) | 3,861 (74.5) | 1,323 (81.6) | 907 (82.5) | 736 (68.5) | 895 (64.6) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 58 (1.1) | 3,967 (76.6) | 1,269 (78.3) | 869 (79.1) | 771 (71.7) | 1,058 (76.3) | <0.001 |
| MRA | 58 (1.1) | 2,430 (46.9) | 862 (53.2) | 587 (53.4) | 468 (43.5) | 513 (37.0) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 58 (1.1) | 4,161 (80.3) | 1,226 (75.6) | 905 (82.3) | 862 (80.2) | 1,168 (84.3) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics | 58 (1.1) | 3,647 (70.4) | 1,065 (65.7) | 785 (71.4) | 756 (70.3) | 1,041 (75.1) | <0.001 |
| Statin | 358 (6.8) | 3,352 (64.6) | 874 (53.7) | 846 (76.8) | 598 (55.6) | 1,034 (74.4) | <0.001 |
| Death in 1 y | 791 (15.1) | 484 (9.9) | 99 (6.4) | 71 (6.9) | 114 (11.6) | 200 (15.0) | <0.001 |
Values are n (%), median (IQR), or mean ± SD.
ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; CKD = chronic kidney disease; DM = diabetes mellitus; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced e ejection fraction; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.