Table 5.

A brief description of safety issues experienced in the oil and gas sector worldwide.

References	Year	Country	Safety issues
(2)	2017	Malaysia	The process of safety issues includes a set of various reasons; leakage and spillage, fire, and explosion are the most frequent causes of severe consequences. Such accidents are caused by misinterpretation of knowledge and communication issues.
(45, 121)	2013, 2018	Malaysia	A lack of training and guidance exposes people to dangerous chemicals because appropriate safety measures are not taken immediately. A lack of safety culture was identified as the leading cause of negligence and hazardous situations in organizations.
(129)	2020	Ghana	A lack of health and safety policies, untrained and underqualified employees, and poor infrastructure.
(52)	2022	China	Sets of safety performance factors that impact industries, including management and worker factors.
(53)	2020	Indonesia	Poor communication, the employees or people involved consider themselves fit for duty. Accidents occur due to a lack of information or knowledge, appropriate training, leader supervision, and implementation of occupational safety and health regulations.
(130)	2011	Iraq	Insufficient tools, poor technology, poor organizational management, lack of precautions, lack of adequate services, employee disregard of safety regulations, and inadequate training are factors that trigger unsafe behavior.
(131)	2019	Iran	Technological advances have excelled in high-risk involvements, the negligence of which forms the basis of catastrophe.
(74)	2019	UAE	In past studies, fatal accidents have occurred in the UAE oil and gas industry with different safety issues, including explosions, exposure to chemical equipment, and inspection of high-heating products (boiler), which are the leading causes of loss of workforce.