Table 1.
Numerous Stresses Drive Formation of Stress Granules in Mammalian Cells Through eIF2α and mTOR Signaling Pathways
| Stress | Integrated stress response |
mTOR | References | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HRI | PKR | PERK | GCN2 | |||
| Arsenite | Y | Y | Aulas et al. (2017); Fay et al. (2021); Fournier et al., (2013); McEwen et al. (2005); Sfakianos et al. (2018); Szaflarski et al. (2016) | |||
| Bortezomib | Y | Y | Fournier et al. (2013); Fournier et al. (2010) | |||
| Erythroid differentiation | Y | Ghisolfi et al. (2012) | ||||
| Hepatitis C virus and interferon-alpha | Y | Ruggieri et al. (2012) | ||||
| Measles virus, hantavirus, Respiratory syncytial virus, and yellow fever virus | Y | Beauclair et al. (2020); Christ et al. (2020); Lindquist et al. (2011); Okonski and Samuel (2013) | ||||
| G3BP1 overexpression | Y | Reineke and Lloyd (2015) | ||||
| ADAR1 depletion | Y | Corbet et al. (2022) | ||||
| 2′,5′-Oligoadenylate | Y | Manivannan et al. (2020) | ||||
| Small RNase L-cleaved RNAs | Y | Manivannan et al. (2020) | ||||
| Lapatinib | Y | Adjibade et al. (2020) | ||||
| Thapsigargin | Y | Aulas et al. (2017) | ||||
| Sorafenib | Y | Adjibade et al. (2015) | ||||
| Carbon monoxide | Y | Chen et al. (2019) | ||||
| Bisphenol A | Y | Fay et al. (2021) | ||||
| Vinorelbine | Y | Y | Schwed-Gross et al. (2022); Szaflarski et al. (2016) | |||
| MG-132 | Y | Y | Alvarez-Castelao et al. (2020); Aulas et al. (2017); Jiang and Wek (2005); Mazroui et al. (2007); Yerlikaya et al. (2008) | |||
| Ultraviolet light | Y | Ying and Khaperskyy (2020) | ||||
| Cortisone | Y | Schwed-Gross et al. (2022) | ||||
| Chronic nutrient deprivation | Y | Y | Y | Kuo et al. (2020); Reineke et al. (2018) | ||
| Dihydrocapsaicin | Y | De et al. (2022) | ||||
| Selenite | Y | Fujimura et al. (2012) | ||||
| Cold | Y | Hofmann et al. (2012) | ||||
| ATP depletion | Y | Wang et al. (2022) | ||||
| Hydrogen peroxide | Y | Emara et al. (2012) | ||||
Stresses for which specific signaling pathways have been defined as major contributors to SG formation through genetics and/or chemical genetics assays are indicated as “Y.” This includes all four eIF2α kinases in the integrated stress response pathway, as well as mTOR signaling. Signaling pathways upstream (e.g., AMPK) and downstream (e.g., 4E-BP) of mTOR are included.
4E-BP, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; GCN2, general control nonderepressible 2; HRI, heme-regulated inhibitor kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PERK, PKR-related endoplasmic reticulum associated kinase; PKR, protein kinase R; SG, stress granule.