Table 2.

Results of Mendelian randomization and association analyses in the study sample.

	Association		Mendelian randomization
	$\widehat{\beta }\pm \text{SE}$ (95% CI)	p-value	$\widehat{\theta }\pm \text{SE}$ (95% CI)	p-value
SS	0.88 ± 0.07 (0.74, 1.02)	2.81× 10−36	0.21 ± 0.10 (6.5×10−3, 0.41)	0.04
CPD	0.05 ± 0.01 (0.03, 0.07)	5.49×10−6	0.16 ± 0.05 (0.06, 0.26)	1.30×10−3

SE = standard error; CI = confidence interval; SS = smoking status; CPD = cigarette per day.