Table 2. Association between patients’ characteristics at ART initiation and follow-up BMI, stratified by BMI at ART initiation.
| Characteristics | Normal BMI (n = 1020) | Underweight (n = 287) | Overweight or obese (n = 275) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (95% Confidence interval) | P-value | Estimate (95% Confidence interval) | P-value | Estimate (95% Confidence interval) | P-value | |
| Time effect (per 3 months) | ||||||
| Before up to 9 months | 1.007 [1.005, 1.008] | < .0001 | 1.016 [1.013, 1.018] | < .0001 | 1.004 [1.002, 1.006] | 0.001 |
| After 9 months | 0.998 [0.996, 1.000] | 0.05 | 0.996 [0.993, 0.999] | 0.003 | 1.000 [0.996, 1.003] | 0.842 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Female | 1.01 [1.003, 1.03] | 0.02 | 0.98 [0.95, 1.01] | 0.16 | 1.08 [1.04, 1.11] | < .0001 |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 19–34 | 1.00 [0.99, 1.02] | 0.81 | 1.01 [0.98, 1.05] | 0.52 | 0.95 [0.91, 0.998] | 0.04 |
| 35–44 | 1.01 [1.00, 1.03] | 0.08 | 0.99 [0.96, 1.02] | 0.56 | 1.01 [0.97, 1.06] | 0.52 |
| ≥ 45 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Occupation | ||||||
| Non-farmers | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Farmers | 0.97 [0.95, 0.99] | 0.003 | 0.96 [0.91, 1.02] | 0.17 | 0.95 [0.90, 1.00] | 0.06 |
| Education | ||||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Primary school | 1.00 [0.98, 1.03] | 0.64 | 0.98 [0.93, 1.03] | 0.40 | 1.03 [0.97, 1.09] | 0.37 |
| Above primary school | 1.01 [0.97, 1.04] | 0.73 | 0.91 [0.83, 1.00] | 0.06 | 1.06 [0.96, 1.18] | 0.27 |
| CD4 count, cells/μL | ||||||
| < 100 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| 100–199 | 1.01 [0.99, 1.03] | 0.44 | 1.02 [0.99, 1.06] | 0.18 | 1.00 [0.94, 1.06] | 0.92 |
| 200–349 | 1.01 [1.00, 1.03] | 0.13 | 1.01 [0.96, 1.05] | 0.76 | 1.02 [0.97, 1.07] | 0.42 |
| ≥ 350 | 1.00 [0.98, 1.02] | 0.81 | 0.99 [0.95, 1.03] | 0.76 | 1.01 [0.96, 1.06] | 0.69 |
| WHO stage | ||||||
| Stage 1/2 | 1.02 [1.002, 1.03] | 0.02 | 1.01 [0.98, 1.04] | 0.60 | 0.99 [0.95, 1.04] | 0.77 |
| Stage 3/4 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Tuberculosis | ||||||
| Negative | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Positive | 1.00 [0.98, 1.02] | 0.81 | 1.00 [0.97, 1.04] | 0.82 | 0.94 [0.88, 0.996] | 0.04 |
| Arterial hypertension | ||||||
| No arterial hypertension | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Arterial hypertension | 1.01 [0.99, 1.03] | 0.35 | 1.02 [0.93, 1.12] | 0.66 | 1.00 [0.95, 1.04] | 0.83 |
| Anemia status | ||||||
| Not anemic | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
| Anemic | 0.99 [0.97, 1.00] | 0.07 | 0.96 [0.93, 0.99] | 0.02 | 0.97 [0.94, 1.00] | 0.08 |
Estimates based on an adjusted stratified linear mixed model and time modelled using piecewise regression, among patients with non-missing data at ART initiation.
Empirical standard error was used.
The BMI outcome was transformed using a natural logarithm, and the estimates should be interpreted in terms of the percent change of actual BMI.
“Ref” indicates the reference category of the modelled explanatory variable.