Table 2.
Effects of energy drinks on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurement (n = 17).
| Daytime | Nighttime | 24-h period | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy drink | Placebo | p value | Energy drink | Placebo | p value | Energy drink | Placebo | p value | |
| ABPM measurements (n) | 50.76 ± 10.29 | 47.94 ± 12.34 | 0.300 | 17.00 (15.50–18.50) | 19.00 (16.00–22.00) | 0.144 | 67.88 ± 9.34 | 67.29 ± 9.93 | 0.814 |
| ABPM duration (h) | 13.78 ± 1.32 | 13.10 ± 2.05 | 0.248 | 7.55 ± 0.92 | 8.43 ± 1.70 | 0.041* | 22.28 ± 1.18 | 22.08 ± 1.33 | 0.626 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 118.02 (113.76–121.89) | 115.53 (109.36–120.19) | 0.025* | 106.65 (99.38–112.07) | 103.05 (98.01–107.79) | 0.163 | 115.90 (110.22–118.04) | 110.64 (108.09–115.45) | 0.013* |
| Hypertensive SBP measurements (%) | 17.86 (8.55–30.26) | 11.67 (1.74–23.94) | 0.068 | 20.00 (8.20–38.89) | 9.09 (3.56–20.45) | 0.098 | 16.67 (7.69–36.72) | 11.11 (3.60–23.45) | 0.055 |
| SBP dipping (%) | – | 10.19 ± 4.59 | 9.65 ± 5.19 | 0.743 | – | ||||
| DBP (mmHg) | 69.07 (67.25–71.71) | 66.35 (64.16–69.51) | 0.003** | 58.50 ± 5.39 | 56.41 ± 3.77 | 0.047* | 66.08 (64.20–68.32) | 62.63 (61.40–66.46) | 0.005** |
| Hypertensive DBP measurements (%) | 10.71 (8.09–26.14) | 10.64 (4.17–16.89) | 0.049* | 0 (0–6.25) | 2.78 (0–8.01) | 0.875 | 8.43 (6.90–19.90) | 8.54 (3.18–13.64) | 0.062 |
| DBP dipping (%) | – | 15.99 (13.86–20.58) | 14.13 (11.75–19.75) | 0.554 | – | ||||
| MAP (mmHg) | 90.82 (89.42–94.41) | 88.56 (85.17–91.99) | 0.006** | 80.55 ± 6.57 | 78.15 ± 5.49 | 0.073 | 89.75 (86.08–90.88) | 85.12 (83.09–88.02) | 0.006** |
| PP (mmHg) | 48.46 ± 6.62 | 47.72 ± 6.39 | 0.362 | 47.71 (44.39–51.94) | 45.88 (42.45–50.13) | 0.554 | 48.40 ± 6.17 | 47.70 ± 6.16 | 0.368 |
| cSBP (mmHg)a | 103.70 ± 6.05 | 101.33 ± 8.19 | 0.043* | 96.86 ± 7.71 | 93.79 ± 7.90 | 0.099 | 101.77 ± 5.64 | 99.18 ± 7.93 | 0.019* |
| cDBP (mmHg)a | 71.50 (69.77–73.99) | 68.75 (66.75–70.78) | 0.004** | 59.69 ± 5.65 | 57.19 ± 3.82 | 0.047* | 68.47 (65.71–70.37) | 63.99 (63.10–67.61) | 0.008** |
| cPP (mmHg)a | 30.93 ± 5.22 | 31.57 ± 5.16 | 0.335 | 37.13 ± 4.68 | 36.62 ± 5.24 | 0.635 | 32.71 ± 4.68 | 33.12 ± 4.72 | 0.471 |
| AIx@75 (%)a | 17.23 ± 5.65 | 16.50 ± 5.50 | 0.489 | 8.84 ± 3.77 | 9.29 ± 6.62 | 0.800 | 14.83 ± 4.77 | 14.21 ± 5.40 | 0.595 |
| PWV (m/s)a | 4.70 (4.59–4.83) | 4.67 (4.46–4.89) | 0.255 | 4.49 ± 0.34 | 4.37 ± 0.31 | 0.100 | 4.63 (4.54–4.74) | 4.58 (4.42–4.69) | 0.056 |
| HR (bpm)a | 74.78 ± 8.98 | 75.87 ± 8.15 | 0.356 | 60.90 ± 6.81 | 61.53 ± 8.99 | 0.649 | 70.78 (65.14–76.20) | 70.64 (66.47–76.61) | 0.586 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD if normally distributed and as median (IQR) if non-normally distributed.
ABPM ambulatory blood pressure measurement, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MAP mean arterial pressure, PP pulse pressure, cSBP central systolic blood pressure, cDBP central diastolic blood pressure, cPP central pulse pressure, AIx@75 augmentation index normalized for a heart rate of 75 bpm, PWV pulse wave velocity, HR heart rate.
*p value <0.05; **p value <0.01.
a16 study participants were included in the analysis.