Table 2.
Major factors influencing the synthesis of nano-material
| Sr. No. | Factor(s) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Method or Technique | Nanoparticles can be shaped in a number of ways, viz. physical, chemical and biological methods. Biological methods have advantages over traditional methods, being non-toxic and eco-friendly.48,49 |
| 2. | pH | At pH ranging from 3 to 6, nanosized materials are less stable due to aggregation of nanoparticles. At pH lower than 3, protonated forces of all molecules work against electrostatic interactions, making them more stable Similarly, pH above 7 causes repulsion of aggregated molecules due to deprotonation. |
| 3. | Temperature | In physical approaches, the temperature range should be more than 350°C while it should be lower than 350°C for chemical synthesis. In contrast to these methods, green synthesis requires temperature below 100°C. Synthesized nano-sized materials and their nature can be determined by the reaction temperature.108 |
| 4. | Pressure | Pressure is an important parameter for constructing nanoparticles. At ambient pressure, metal ions reduce significantly faster using biological agents.50 |
| 5. | Time | The time is another significant parameter having an impact on the rate of construction of nanoparticles employing biological agents.51,52 Synthesis process and storage conditions have great influence on the aggregation of nanoparticles; constructed nanoparticles may shrink or get enlarged if stored for a prolonged time, leading to a change in their functioning.52,53,106,115 |
| 6. | Particle Shape and Size | One of the most important parameters influencing the synthesis as well as functionality of nanoparticles is its size and also its shape. Generally, if the size of nanoparticles is reduced, there is a decline in the melting point of constructed particles is observed.106 |
| 7. | Pore Size | The porosity of formed nanosized material has a huge impact on its quality as well as its applications. Exploiting this parameter, different molecules of biological origin could be bound onto the surface of nanomaterials and could be utilized for applications such as drug delivery.107 |