Table 3.
General characteristics of the included studies
| Article | Country | Program | Design | Size/gender | Duration | Variable | Scale | Results | Conclusion | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||||||||||
| Geist et al. (2000) | Canada | Group psychoeducation of families | Quasi-experimental |
N = 25 Female |
4 Months | BMI (weight gain) | % Weight gain | 74.9% | 91.3% | 77.2% | 96.3% | Significant improvement in both interventions | |
|
Improvement in symptoms Changes in behavior and/or lifestyle |
EDI-2 Eating Disorder Inventory (Symptoms) |
Drive for thinness11.1 Body image satisfaction 9.1 Improved bulimia symptoms 1.2 |
Drive for thinness12.3 Body image satisfaction 10.6 Improved bulimia symptoms 1.2 |
Drive for thinness 13.7 Body image satisfaction Pre 11.0 Improved bulimia symptoms 1.9 |
Drive for thinness 13.3 Body image satisfaction Pre 12.2 Improved bulimia symptoms 2.5 |
No significant difference in both groups | |||||||
| BSI (Brief Symptom Inventory) |
Patient 1.3 Mother 0.7 Father 0.7 |
Patient 1.2 Mother 0.6 Father 0.4 |
Patient 1.4 Mother 0.6 Father 0.4 |
Patient 1.2 Mother 0.6 Father 0.3 |
No significant difference in both groups | ||||||||
| Depression | CDI (Children Depression Inventory) | 11.8 | 12.2 | 14 | 15.4 | No significant difference in both groups | |||||||
| Family functioning | FAM-III (Family Assessment Measure) | 48.3 | 52.2 | 50.9 | 55.8 | Significant improvement in both interventions appreciate the presence of relatives in both groups | |||||||
| Average stay of admission | Days stay | 46.3 | 40.8 | No significant difference in both groups | |||||||||
| Article | Country | Program | Design | Size/gender | Duration | Variable | Scale | Results | Conclusions | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Control | ||||||||||||
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||||||||||
| Andrewes et al. (1996) | Australia |
Program-Based Group Computerized Intervention DIET Freq: NR Dur: NR LOI: NR Set: Hospital |
Quasi-experimental with control group |
N = 54 Female 27 Diet 27Control |
No specific |
Improvement in symptoms Changes in behavior and/or lifestyle |
Eating disorders attitude questionnaire | 149 | 166,9 | 148,6 | 149,4 | Significantly greater positive change in the DIET group versus the control | |
| Eating disorders knowledge questionnaire | 30,1 | 44,4 | 34,4 | 37,1 | Significantly greater increase in knowledge in the DIET group compared to the control | ||||||||
| Article | Country | Program | Design | Size/gender | Duration | Variable | Scale | Results | Conclusions | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | ||||||||||||
| Loria Kohen et al. (2009) | Spain |
Individual nutrition education program Freq: 1/week or 1/15 days Duration: 15–20 sessions LOI: 4–6 months Set: Consultation |
Quasi-experimental with pre–post measurements |
N = 89 5% Men’s 95% Women |
4–6 months | Average questionnaire value | EAT 26 | 32 ± 15 | 23.7 ± 14 | Therapeutic changes significant improvement | |||
| Diet | EAT 26 | 16.7 ± 9 | 13 ± 9 | Significant improvement | |||||||||
| Concern about food | EAT 26 | 7.1 ± 5 | 5.1 ± 4 | Significant improvement | |||||||||
| Oral control | EAT 26 | 7.5 ± 5 | 5.8 ± 5 | Significant improvement | |||||||||
| Number of meals per day | Normal pattern 4 daily meals (Dietary survey) | 70% less than 4 meals a day | 19% less than 4 meals a day | Significant improvement | |||||||||
| Meal time | Normal pattern 26–44 min (Dietary survey) | 46% patients within normal | 67% patients within normal | Significant improvement | |||||||||
| Full meal intake | Normal pattern 1st, 2nd dish, bread and dessert (Dietary survey) | 30% patients full meal | 54% patients full meal | Significant improvement | |||||||||
| Compensatory behaviors |
Nº vomits per week Binge week Excessive water intake Excessive physical activity (≥ 2 h daily) |
ANP(7.2 ± 10) BN (8 ± 9.7) TANE (1.6) ANP (2.3) BN (6.5) TANE (1.8) 10% 16% |
ANP(1 ± 1.8) BN (2.2 ± 3.2) TANE (0.7) ANP (0.25) B.N (2.1) TANE (0.9) 1.5% 3% |
Significant improvement in all three diagnoses | |||||||||
| Changes in energy intake | (Dietary survey) |
ANP 960 ± 600 kcal ANR 1120 ± 400 BN not measurable |
ANP 1290 ± 500 kcal ANR 1545 ± 400 BN not measurable |
Improvement in the two BN diagnoses not applicable due to binge eating | |||||||||
| BMI | BMI calculation |
ANR 17.6 ± 2.2 ANP 19.4 ± 2.4 TANE 21.1 ± 3.2 B.N 26.4 ± 6.6 |
ANR 18.9 ± 2.2 ANP 19.8 ± 2.1 TANE 21.3 ± 4 B.N 25.5 ± 5.7 |
Significant improvement in ANR ANP and TANE remained normal B.N Evolution towards normalization |
|||||||||
| Evolution of consumption by food groups |
Range recommended by SENC (Spanish Society of Community Nutrition) (Dietary survey) |
Dairy 61% out of range Vegetables 69% out of range Fruits 84% out of range Cereals 90% out of range Meats 58% out of range Oil 45% out of range |
Dairy 82% within range Vegetables 70% within range Fruits 33% within range Cereals 39% within range Meats 52% within range Oil 75% within range |
Dairy, vegetables, cereals and oil, highly significant improvement Fruits, meats significant improvement |
| Article | Country | Program | Design | Size/gender | Duration | Variable | Scale | Results | Conclusion | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group CRT (Cognitive remediation Therapy) | Group HC (Healthy controls) | ||||||||||||
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||||||||||
| Van Noort et al. (2016) | Germany | CRT group(Cognitive Remediation Therapy) | Quasi-experimental with control group |
N = 40 Female 20 CRT 20 Healthy group |
5–10 Weeks | Anxiety | STAI | 64.8 ± 11.8 | 41.0 ± 6.3 | ||||
| Depression |
German depression inventory for children and adolescents |
3.6 ± 1.7 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | ||||||||||
|
Cognitive flexibility Learning effects |
TMT-4 | 55.9 ± 13.2 | 51.7 ± 13.6 | 47.3 ± 9.7 | 50.2 ± 12.3 | Significant improvement in both groups in the CRT group | |||||||
|
Central coherence Learning effects |
RCFT | 1.05 ± 0.43 | 1.31 ± 0.31 | 1.03 ± 0.41 | 1.17 ± 0.51 | No significant differences | |||||||
| Satisfaction | FBB-P | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | Improvement | |||||||||
|
Piers–Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale (PHC-SCS), the Self- Esteem in Eating Disorders Questionnaire (SEED) and Socialization Battery (BAS-3) |
|||||||||||||
| Article | Country | Program | Design | Size/gender | Duration | Variable | Scale | Results | Conclusion | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | ||||||||||||
| Lazaro et al. (2011) | Spain | Cognitive group program of techniques to improve and maintain self-esteem | Quasi-experimental with pre–post measurements | N = 160 | 4 months | BMI | Mean |
AN-rd = 18.7 BN-rd = 21.1 |
AN-rd = 19.6 BN-rd = 21.4 |
Significant differences in both groups (AN-rd y BN-rd) | |||
| Self-esteem |
PHC-SCS Behavior adjustment Intellectual/school status Physical appearance Freedom for anxiety Popularity Happiness/satisfaction |
AN-rd 9.7 (3.3) 8.8 (4.2) 3.6 (3.2) 3.7 (2.9) 5.9 (3.2) 2.1 (4.5) |
BN-rd 8.4 (3.9) 7.2 (4.3) 3.2 (2.8) 3.1 (2.4) 6.2 (2.7) 1.5 (1.8) |
AN-rd 9.5 (3.7) 8.8 (4.5) 4.3 (3.6) 4.2 (3.3) 6.1 (3.4) 2.7 (2.7) |
BN-rd 9.1 (3.7) 8.9 (3.9) 5.2 (3.5) 4.7 (3.1) 7.0 (3.1) 3.0 (2.4) |
Both groups (AN-rd and BN-rd) showed significant improvements in their perceptions of physical appearance, their weight-related self-concept | |||||||
| Self-esteem |
SEED SC in relation to others SC related |
AN-rd 16.5 (9.7) 14.6 (7.8) |
BN-rd 17.3 (7.8) 17.6 (7.0) |
AN-rd 15.0 (10.7) 13.5 (9.0) |
BN-rd 13.2 (8.5) 13.2 (8.0) |
Both groups (AN-rd and BN-rd) presented significant improvements in the perception of the form of relationship with others | |||||||
| Social skills |
BAS-3 Consideration for others Self-control in social relations Social withdrawal Social anxiety/shyness Leadership |
AN-rd 58.3 (37.5) 51.4 (31.5) 77.7 (24.1) 68.2 (29.3) 39.1 (34.0) |
BN-rd 52.5 (39.0) 40.6 (27.5) 82.6 (21.3) 67.8 (33.3) 35.5 (31.9) |
AN-rd 56.8 (37.9) 50.6 (32.8) 73.4 (25.0) 67.1 (32.3) 43.8 (36.6) |
BN-rd 63.6 (36.5) 45.5 (31.7) 69.5 (26.1) 59.9 (34.7) 51.8 (36.4) |
Both groups (AN-rd and BN-rd) showed significant improvements in their perceptions about social isolation and leadership | |||||||
| Article | Country | Program | Design | Size/gender | Duration | Variable | Scale | Results | Conclusions | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | 3 months | 6 months | 1 year | |||||||||
| Johnston et al. (2015) | United States |
Skillstreaming the Adolescent by Goldstein and McGinnis (1997) DBT group |
Quasi-experimental with pre–post measurements | N = 51 | 4 months | BMI |
Mean global BMI (kg/m2) (n = 36) |
17.373 ± 2.010 | 18.319 ± 1.764 | 18.895 ± 1.890 | 19.087 ± 1.906 | 19.705 ± 1.740 | Improvement in weight gain over weight |
| Menstruation status |
% had regular menses (based on parent report) |
53% | 61% | 78% | Improved regulation of the menstrual cycle | ||||||||
| Psychological measures |
Mean global EDE-Q (n = 33) |
3.15 ± 1.52 | 2.11 ± 1.49 | we’re not gathered at this follow-up | (n = 19) 1.64 ± 1.17 | (n = 16) 1.59 ± 1.54 |
Psychological improvement in thoughts, attitudes and behaviors of eating disorders No significant differences were found for binge frequency, F (4, 92) = 1.643, p = .17, or purge frequency, F(4, 92) = 1.626, p = .17, over the course of treatment or the subsequent year |
||||||
| Article | Country | Program | Design | Size/gender | Duration | Variable | Scale | Results | Conclusion | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 3 months | 1 year | |||||||||||
| Ruiz Prieto et al. (2013) | Spain | Psychological improvement in thoughts, attitudes and behaviors of eating disorders | Quasi-experimental with pre–post measurements | N = 106 | 1 Year | Quality of diet choice | Caloric content | 1868.93 | 2062.22 | 2010.22 | Improvement in the time they spent choosing the diet, the BMI was normalized and they chose qualitatively better diets, with higher carbohydrate content although the fat content was maintained | ||
| Fat content | 37.75g | 43.22 | |||||||||||
| Carbohydrate content | 203.7 | 224.8 | |||||||||||
| Time spent on diet choice | 20, 48 min | 17.67 min | 13.48 min | ||||||||||
| BMI | 20.92 | 21.95 | 22.10 | ||||||||||
| Body Fat Mass | 19.48% | 21.53% | 21.72% | ||||||||||
| Article | Country | Program | Design | Size/gender | Duration | Variable | Scale | Results | Conclusion | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | 3 months | |||||||||||
| Sternheim et al. (2018) | Australia | Group cognitive behavioral program with psychoeducational sessions | Quasi-experimental with pre–post measurements |
N = 10 Women |
3 Months | Depression | BDI | 20.5 | Statistically significant reduction in IU in patients with anxious and depressive symptomatology | ||||
| Anxiety |
State anxiety Percentile |
85.5 | |||||||||||
|
Trait anxiety Percentile |
82 | ||||||||||||
| Acceptability | Patient satisfaction questionnaire | 7.03 | |||||||||||
| Feasibility | Discussion in the service | Yes | |||||||||||
| Intolerance of uncertainty | Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) | 94.8 | 76.6 | 71.4 | |||||||||
| Article | Country | Program | Design | Size/gender | Duration | Variable | Scale | Results | Conclusion | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group CRT (Cognitive remediation Therapy) | Group NSCT | ||||||||||||
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||||||||||
| (Herbrich‐Bowe et al., 2022) | Germany | CRT individual(Cognitive Remediation Therapy) Vs NSCT (Non-specific cognitive training) | Randomized controlled trial |
N = 56 Female 28 CRT Vs 28 NSCT |
5 Weeks (10 sessions) |
Cognitive flexibility Learning effects |
WSCT | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | No significant differences. Both groups improved over time | |
|
Central coherence Learning effects |
GEFT | 13.6 ± 0.8 | 15.3 ± 0.9 | 12.5 ± 0.9 | 13.4 ± 1.0 | No significant differences. Both groups improved over time | |||||||
|
Cognitive flexibility Learning effects |
TMT-4 | 11.6 ± 0.5 | 11.2 ± 0.6 | 11.5 ± 0.4 | 11.8 ± 0.5 | No significant differences. Both groups improved over time | |||||||
|
Central coherence Learning effects |
CCI | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | No significant differences. Both groups improved over time | |||||||
|
Every day-life flexibility Task completion |
BRIEF-SR | 45.1 ± 1.9 | 45.8 ± 2.1 | 48.1 ± 2.0 | 44.8 ± 2.1 | No significant differences. Both groups improved over time | |||||||
| Article | Country | Program | Design | Size/gender | Duration | Variable | Scale | Results | Conclusion | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group MCT-ED | Group TAU | ||||||||||||
| Post-intervention | 3-month follow-up | Post-intervention | 3-month follow-up | ||||||||||
| (Balzan et al., 2023) | Australia | MCT-ED individual(Metacognitive training for eating disorders) Vs TAU (Treatment as usual) | Randomized controlled trial |
N = 35 Female 20 MCT-ED Vs 15 TAU |
6 Weeks (6 sessions) | Perfectionism: personal standards | The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale | 25.84(.78) | 25.36(.91) | 27.68(.86) | 27.35(1.13) |
No significant differences No significant reductions over follow-up |
|
| Perfectionism: concern over mistakes | The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale | 28.43(1.30) | 30.62(1.29) | 35.12(1.54) | 34.67(1.63) | Short-term reductions, with large effect size, although a significant difference between groups was not observed at the follow-up | |||||||
| Eating disorder pathology | Eating Disorder-15 | 3.90(.24) | 3.27(.30) | 4.10(.29) | 3.77(.37) |
No significant differences No significant reductions over follow-up |
|||||||
| Body image flexibility | Body Image Acceptance and Action Questionnaire | 35.08(2.77) | 37.51(3.67) | 34.33(3.44) | 35.18(4.57) |
No significant differences No significant reductions over follow-up |
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