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. 2023 Aug 22;14(8):541. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-06060-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — After radiotherapy, CAFs are involved in multiple links of tumor development, including tumorigenesis and proliferation, invasion and metastasis, ECM remodeling, angiogenesis, and resistance to radiotherapy. In addition, CAF maintains its immunosuppressive capacity after receiving ionizing radiation. Abbreviation: PGE2 prostaglandin E2, TDO2 tryptophan csf-dioxygenase, TSLP thymic stromal lymphopoietin.