Table 3.
Age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusteda,b odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of NAFLD according to the use of VMS defined by frequency, duration, and use of multiple products among hypertensive adults.
| Frequency of VMS use | P trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonusers | ≤ 1 time/week | 2–5 times/week | 1 time/day | ≥ 2 times/day | ||
| Cases/Non-cases | 1,714/4,289 | 6/16 | 22/100 | 202/705 | 71/251 | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (Ref) | 0.81 (0.21–3.15) | 0.53 (0.29–0.95) | 0.61 (0.50–0.75) | 0.79 (0.55–1.15) | < .001 |
| MV-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (Ref) | 0.47 (0.13–1.73) | 0.39 (0.19–0.81) | 0.73 (0.57–0.94) | 0.97 (0.60–1.58) | 0.13 |
| Duration of VMS used | P trend | |||||
| Nonusers | ≤ 1 month | 1–5 months | 6–16 months | > 16 months | ||
| Cases/Non-cases | 1,714/4,289 | 68/235 | 93/316 | 59/251 | 81/270 | |
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (Ref) | 0.60 (0.42–0.86) | 0.66 (0.48–0.91) | 0.63 (0.44–0.90) | 0.70 (0.51–0.95) | 0.003 |
| MV-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (Ref) | 0.74 (0.49–1.10) | 0.70 (0.46–1.05) | 0.62 (0.40–0.94) | 0.93 (0.59–1.46) | 0.38 |
| Number of different VMS | P trend | |||||
| Nonusers | 1 VMS product only | ≥ 2 VMS products | ||||
| Cases/Non-cases | 1,714/4,289 | 248/929 | 53/143 | |||
| Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (Ref) | 0.61 (0.51–0.74) | 0.94 (0.65–1.37) | < 0.001 | ||
| MV-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 (Ref) | 0.70 (0.55–0.88) | 1.07 (0.59–1.95) | 0.03 | ||
CI confidence intervals, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, OR odds ratio, VMS vitamin and mineral supplements.
aAll results presented in this table are sampling-weighted estimates except the number of study participants.
bMultivariable model was adjusted for age (quartiles), sex (male, female), household income level (quartiles, missing), education level (elementary school, middle school, high school, college or higher), smoking status (never, past, current), alcohol drinking status (never, past, ≤ 1 time/month, 2- ≤ 4 times/month, ≥ 2 times/week), regular exercise (no, yes), body mass index (< 18.5 kg/m2, 18.5- < 23 kg/m2, 23- < 25 kg/m2, ≥ 25 kg/m2), waist circumference (cm, continuous), diabetes mellitus (no, yes), hypercholesterolemia (no, yes), number of comorbidities (0, 1, 2, 3, ≥ 4), serum triglyceride concentration (mg/dL, continuous), hypertension stage (stage1, ≥ stage2, other), current use of hypertension medications (no, yes), and intakes of total energy (quartiles) and fruits and vegetables (quartiles).
cP-trend was tested from model including the median value of specific VMS usage categories as a continuous term and using the Wald test of it.
dDuration of VMS use was categorized according to the quartiles of duration among current users of VMS.