Table 4.

Multivariable-adjusted^a,b odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of NAFLD according to use of VMS according to demographic and lifestyle factors.

Stratification factors	Cases/Non-cases	Use of VMS		P interaction
		Nonusers	Current users
		OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
By aged
Age < 56 years	1,197/2,463	1 (Ref)	0.54 (0.40–0.72)	< .001
Age ≥ 56 years	818/2,898	1 (Ref)	1.23 (0.91–1.65)
By sex
Male	965/2,786	1 (Ref)	0.56 (0.40–0.80)	0.04
Female	1,050/2,575	1 (Ref)	0.99 (0.74–1.33)
By BMIe
BMI < 23 kg/m2	36/2,236	1 (Ref)	1.11 (0.43–2.86)	0.54
BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2	1,979/3,125	1 (Ref)	0.71 (0.56–0.90)
By smoking status
Never	1,113/2,864	1 (Ref)	0.90 (0.66–1.22)	0.15
Past	412/1,354	1 (Ref)	0.75 (0.47–1.20)
Current	490/1,143	1 (Ref)	0.44 (0.27–0.72)
By alcohol drinking status
Never	364/969	1 (Ref)	0.85 (0.51–1.42)	0.83
Past	304/787	1 (Ref)	1.06 (0.57–1.98)
Current	1,347/3,605	1 (Ref)	0.67 (0.51–0.88)
By fruit and vegetable consumptionf
< 395.8 g/day	996/2,671	1 (Ref)	0.81 (0.57–1.16	0.46
≥ 395.8 g/day	1,019/2,690	1 (Ref)	0.69 (0.51–0.92)

BMI body mass index, CI confidence intervals, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, OR odds ratio, VMS vitamin and mineral supplements.

^aAll results presented in this table are sampling-weighted estimates except the number of study participants.

^bMultivariable model was adjusted for age (quartiles), sex (male, female), household income level (quartiles), education level (elementary school, middle school, high school, college or higher), smoking status (never, past, current), alcohol drinking status (never, past, ≤ 1 time/month, 2– ≤ 4 times/month, ≥ 2 times/week), regular exercise (no, yes), body mass index (< 18.5 kg/m², 18.5– < 23 kg/m², ≥ 23- < 25 kg/m², ≥ 25 kg/m²), waist circumference (cm, continuous), diabetes mellitus (no, yes), hypercholesterolemia (no, yes), number of comorbidities (0, 1, 2, 3, ≥ 4), serum triglyceride concentration (mg/dL, continuous), hypertension stage (stage1, ≥ stage2, other), current use of hypertension medications (no, yes), and intakes of total energy (quartiles) and fruits and vegetables (quartiles).

^cP interaction was tested by including the product term between current use of VMS and each of stratification factors.

^dAge groups were defined using the median value of our study population as a cut-off value.

^eBMI of 23 kg/m² is the cut-off criteria to define overweight status in the Asian population.

^fFruit and vegetable consumption groups were categorized using the median value of our study population as a cut-off value.