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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Addict Behav. 2023 Feb 23;37(7):936–945. doi: 10.1037/adb0000910

Table 3.

Risk of Bias Assessment for All Studies Included in the Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Study Randomization Sequence Generation Allocation Concealment Masking of Assessors Outcome Data

Boudreault et al. (2018) + ? +
Carlbring & Smit (2008) + + +
Carlbring et al. (2010) + +
Casey et al. (2017) +
Dowling et al. (2007) ? ? +
Grant et al. (2009) ? ? +
Oei et al. (2010) + ? ? ?
Oei et al. (2018) ? ?
Wong et al. (2015) ? ? +

Note. + = low risk of bias; − = high risk of bias; ? = unclear risk of bias