Table 1.
Participant characteristics in NHANES 1999–2004
| Characteristics | Total (N = 13,485) | Control (N = 11,535) | Chronic pain (N = 1950) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 49.38 ± 19.34 | 52.45 ± 17.15 | < 0.001 | |
| Gender | < 0.001 | |||
| Male | 6401 | 5561 (48.2%) | 840 (43.1%) | |
| Female | 7084 | 5974 (51.8%) | 1110 (56.9%) | |
| Race | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 6867 | 5703 (49.4%) | 1164 (59.7%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2560 | 2201 (19.1%) | 359 (18.4%) | |
| Mexican American | 3060 | 2749 (23.8%) | 311 (15.9%) | |
| Others | 998 | 882 (7.6%) | 116 (5.9%) | |
| Marital status | 0.998 | |||
| Married or living with others | 8094 | 6920 (62.1%) | 1174 (62.1%) | |
| Others | 4930 | 4215 (37.9%) | 715 (37.9%) | |
| Education level | 0.016 | |||
| Less than high school | 4377 | 3738 (32.5%) | 639 (32.8%) | |
| High school or equivalent | 3189 | 2683 (23.3%) | 506 (26.0%) | |
| College or above | 5890 | 5086 (44.2%) | 804 (41.3%) | |
| PIR | < 0.001 | |||
| < 1 | 2283 | 1881 (17.9%) | 402 (22.2%) | |
| 1–3 | 5276 | 4501 (42.7%) | 775 (42.9%) | |
| > 3 | 4785 | 4154 (39.4%) | 631 (34.9%) | |
| BMI | 28.12 ± 6.06 | 29.59 ± 7.00 | < 0.001 | |
| Daily physical activity | < 0.001 | |||
| Mainly sit | 3453 | 2817 (24.4%) | 636 (32.7%) | |
| Walk around | 7090 | 6173 (53.6%) | 917 (47.1%) | |
| Light load | 2044 | 1765 (15.3%) | 279 (14.3%) | |
| Heavy load | 883 | 769 (6.7%) | 114 (5.9%) | |
| Smoking | < 0.001 | |||
| Less than 100 cigarettes in a lifetime | 6930 | 6138 (53.3%) | 792 (40.6%) | |
| At least 100 cigarettes in a lifetime | 6539 | 5382 (46.7%) | 1157 (59.4%) | |
| Alcoholic drinks/day in past 12 months | 2.83 ± 2.80 | 2.72 ± 2.56 | 0.205 | |
| Hypertension | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 9099 | 7962 (69.8%) | 1137 (58.6%) | |
| Yes | 4246 | 3442 (30.2%) | 804 (41.4%) | |
| Diabetes | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 11,967 | 10,323 (89.5%) | 1644 (84.4%) | |
| Yes | 1514 | 1209 (10.5%) | 305 (15.6%) | |
| Coronary heart disease | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 12,814 | 11,034 (96.2%) | 1780 (91.9%) | |
| Yes | 596 | 440 (3.8%) | 156 (8.1%) |
| Characteristics | Total (N = 13,485) | Control (N = 11,535) | Chronic pain (N = 1950) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthritis | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 10,018 | 9060 (78.6%) | 958 (49.4%) | |
| Yes | 3446 | 2463 (21.4%) | 983 (50.6%) | |
| Osteoporosis | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 12,712 | 10,988 (95.5%) | 1724 (88.9%) | |
| Yes | 736 | 521 (4.5%) | 215 (11.1%) | |
| Cancer or malignancy | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 12,324 | 10,614 (92.1%) | 1710 (88.0%) | |
| Yes | 1142 | 909 (7.9%) | 233 (12.0%) |
Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± SD. Bold text indicates a statistically significant difference with a P-value < 0.05
PIR poverty income ratio, BMI body mass index