Table 1.
Various anticancer drugs disturbing cytoskeleton for cancer therapy.
| Drugs | Mechanism | Effect | Position | Cell types | Disease types | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTX-S-PTX, PTX–SS–PTX and PTX–SSS–PTX | Distinct redox-responsibility | More efficient drug release in tumor cells, significantly improved the antitumor activity of PTX. | Microtubule | 4T1, KB, B16–F10, L02 | Melanoma, BRCA | [17] |
| LMD | Occupy binding sites on a tubulin | Blocking mitosis | Microtubule | A549、MCF-7 | BRCA, NSCLC | [18] |
| MMAE | Occupy binding sites on a tubulin, TNTs' structural changes | Induce mitotic arrest | Microtubule | A549、MCF-7 | BRCA, NSCLC | [18] |
| Cucurbit [6] uril (CB [6]) | Interrupt the polymerization of tubulin | Microtubule depolymerization and significant tumor regression | Microtubule | A549, U87, MDA-MB231, B16F10 | Melanoma | [19] |
| Natural product thalicthuberine (TH) | Reduce tubulin polymer mass | Mitotic spindle defects | Microtubule | LNCaP, C4–2B, DuCaP, PC-3,BPH-1, WPMY-1, HeLa | Prostate, cervical cancer | [20] |
| SMART、SMART-OH、P-SMART | Cell cycle arrest | Cell apoptosis, DNA damage | Microtubule | A375, B16–F10 | Melanoma, BRCA, ovarian, colon, prostate cancer | [21] |
| 6α-Acetoxyanopterine | Reduce tubulin polymer mass | Inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis | Microtubule | LNCaP, PC-3, HeLa, CCRF-CEM, | Metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) | [22] |
| Cytochalasin | Inhibit the polymerization of microfilaments | Cell apoptosis, inhibit cell migration and angiogenesis | Microfilament | A549 | NSCLC | [23] |
| latrunculin | Bind to actin monomer, prevent actin from polymerizing | Induce depolymerization of tumor cytoskeleton | Microfilament | RMS | RMS | [24] |
| Staurosporine | Activate the actin depolymerization factor Cofilin | Cell accumulation in G2/M phase | Microfilament | A549 | NSCLC | [25] |
| Sinularin | Influence MAPK, EMT, and VEGF signaling pathways | Cell accumulation in G2/M phase | Microfilament | SK-HEP-1 | Liver cancer | [26] |
| VSM | Upstream Activa-Tor↓, PAx3-FoxO1↓ | Stabilize actin cytoskeleton | Microfilament | RAM, RH-30 | Rhabdomyosarcoma | [27] |
| Phalloidin | Stabilize F-actin, | Prevents fiber depolymerization | Microfilament | Viable cell | N/A | [28] |
| CCNY | Phosphorylate and activate LRP6 | Regulate the proliferation | Microfilament | HHCC | Lung cancer, liver cancer | [29] |
| PCA | P-JNK and P38↓ | Inhibit the adhesion, migration and invasion | Microfilament | HL60, U937 | Liver cancer, acute myeloid leukemia | [30] |