Figure 1.

Locations of forests used for long-term field monitoring of winter moths in The Netherlands. Field data on winter moths were collected yearly since 1994 in four forests around the city of Arnhem, with from top to bottom: Hoge Veluwe (HV; 52°05′ N, 05°48′ E), Warnsborn (WA; 52°05′ N, 05°50′ E), Doorwerth (DO; 51°59′ N, 05°48′ E), and Oosterhout (OH; 51°55′ N, 05°50′ E) [17]. The river Rhine has been highlighted with a blue line.