Figure 5.

Winter moth population dynamics and population phenological mismatch at four locations in The Netherlands. Raw yearly winter moth densities (black points) and mean phenological mismatch (orange points) collected as part of a long-term monitoring scheme (1994–2021) are depicted per area (22–28 years of data per area). The dotted line indicates a mismatch of 0 days, i.e. the mean day of oak budburst in that area. Monitoring was interrupted at the Hoge Veluwe between 1995 and 2002 (6 years data gap). Data gaps in mismatch measures at the Hoge Veluwe and Warnsborn result from years in which traps were placed but no adults were caught.