Table 3.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms due to autonomic dysfunction in patients with coronavirus disease 2019, n (%)

Ref.	Type of Study	Number of patients		GIT manifestation(s)	Number & percentage
		Patients	Controls
Erdal et al[57], 2022	Cross-sectional	112	106	Diarrhoea	24 (21.8)
Varma-Doyle et al[58], 2023	Retrospective	6 (4 with previous dysautonomia and 2 with new onsets)	-	Nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating, irregular bowel movements, constipation	5 (83)
Scala et al[59], 2022	Observational, cross-sectional	38	38	Diarrhoea	10 (26.3)
Tan et al[60], 2020	Retrospective study	69 (without ACEI/ARB)	31 (ACEI/ARB)	Diarrhea (6.5% vs 14.5%), nausea and vomiting (9.7% vs 11.6%), abdominal pain (2.9% vs 6.5%)	40 (58)

ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blockers; GIT: Gastrointestinal tract.