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. 2023 Aug 6;11(22):5252–5272. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i22.5252

Table 4.

Risk factors of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 disease-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction

1 Severe disease
2 Presence of hyperinflammation and hypoxia
3 Longer duration of disease
4 Old age
5 Down-regulation of the IKBKAP gene
6 Up-regulation of N-type calcium channels
7 Presence of smell loss or dyspnoea
8 Presence of comorbidities characterized by high sympathetic activity, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension