Table 6.
Different coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination-related autonomic dysfunction and gastrointestinal manifestations
|
Ref.
|
Type of Study
|
Country
|
Type of vaccine
|
Time-interval
|
Number of patients
|
Age
|
Sex
|
Main presentation
|
GIT manifestations
|
| Hermel et al[79], 2022 | Case report | United States | Pfizer-BioNTech | 2 wk | 1 | 46 | F | POTS | Elevated AST |
| Reddy et al[80], 2021 | Case report | United States | Pfizer-BioNTech | 6 d | 1 | 42 | M | POTS | His symptoms increased after heavy meals |
| Lanman et al[81], 2022 | Case report | United States | Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA-BNT162b2 | 3 d (1st dose) | 1 | 58 | F | GBS | Constipation |
| Eldokla et al[82], 2022 | Case report | United States | Moderna (1) Pfizer/BioNTech (4) | 1-3 wk | 5 | 17- 46 | F | POTS | Dry mouth (1), constipation (1), nausea (2), bloating (1) |
| Tahir et al[83], 2021 | Case report | United States | Johnson & Johnson/Janssen | 10 d | 1 | 44 | F | Transverse myelitis & Bell's palsy | Nausea |
| Hilts et al[84], 2022 | Case report | United States | Moderna | 3 d | 1 | 58 | M | GBS | Diarrhoea (stopped before symptoms) |
| Fitzsimmons et al[85],2021 | Case report | United States | Moderna | 1 d (2nd dose) | 1 | 63 | M | Transverse myelitis | Constipation |
| Akaishi et al[86], 2022 | Retrospective cohort study | Japan | Moderna | 131544 | ≥ 16 | M/F 1.2:1 | Variable | Nausea (0.27%); abdominal pain (0.006%) | |
| Antonelli et al[87], 2022 | Prospective community-based case-control | United Kingdom | BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, mRNA-1273 | 1-2 wk | 9462 | > 18 Mean age: 52.9 years | Variable | Abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhoea |
Johnson & Johnson/Janssen is Ad26.COV2. Pfizer-BioNTech is an mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 is Oxford University Vaccine using chimpanzee adenoviral vector ChAdOx1, containing the SARS-CoV-2 structural surface glycoprotein antigen (spike protein; nCoV-19) gene. mRNA-1273 is the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine. POTS: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome; Time-interval: The time between vaccination intake and the development of the symptoms. AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BNT162b2: Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine; GBS: Guillain-Barre syndrome; GIT: Guideline-informed treatment; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.