Table 1.
Demographic characteristics at baseline by control and intervention arm.
| Control n = 1605 |
Intervention n = 1590 |
Overall n = 31951 |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics at baseline | ||||
| Gestational week at baseline, mean (SD) | 15.3 (3.2) | 15.5 (3.1) | 15.4 (3.1) | |
| Maternal age, years, mean (SD) | 25.4 (4.5) | 25.3 (4.4) | 25.4 (4.5) | |
| <20 | 209 (13.0%) | 189 (11.9%) | 398 (12.5%) | |
| 20–24 | 579 (36.1%) | 616 (38.7%) | 1195 (37.4%) | |
| 25–29 | 517 (32.2%) | 500 (31.4%) | 1017 (31.8%) | |
| 30–35 | 300 (18.7%) | 285 (17.9%) | 585 (18.3%) | |
| Highest level of education achieved, n (%) | ||||
| No formal education | 558 (34.8%) | 481 (30.3%) | 1039 (32.5%) | |
| Primary completed | 533 (33.2%) | 558 (35.1%) | 1091 (34.1%) | |
| Secondary completed | 514 (32.0%) | 550 (34.6%) | 1064 (33.3%) | |
| Missing | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (<0.1%) | 1 (0.0%) | |
| Minimum dietary diversity2, Category (score), n (%) | ||||
| Low (<4) | 906 (56.4%) | 890 (56.0%) | 1796 (56.2%) | |
| Medium (4–5) | 533 (33.2%) | 496 (31.2%) | 1029 (32.2%) | |
| High (>5) | 165 (10.3%) | 203 (12.8%) | 368 (11.5%) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 2 (0.1%) | |
| Household food insecurity3, Category (score), n (%) | ||||
| Food secure | 863 (53.8%) | 930 (58.5%) | 1793 (56.1%) | |
| Mild (1, 2, 3) | 448 (27.9%) | 416 (26.2%) | 864 (27.0%) | |
| Moderate (4, 5, 6) / Severe (7, 8) | 272 (16.9%) | 220 (13.8%) | 492 (15.4%) | |
| Missing | 22 (1.4%) | 24 (1.5%) | 46 (1.4%) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD); n missing | 23.1 (4.0); 7 | 23.3 (4.1); 12 | 23.2 (4.1); 19 | |
| Mother’s hemoglobin level (g/dL), mean (SD); n missing |
12.5 (1.9); 17 | 12.4 (1.9); 13 | 12.5 (1.9); 30 | |
| Reported vitamin intake4, n (%) | ||||
| Multiple micronutrient tablets | 198 (12.3%) | 181 (11.4%) | 379 (11.9%) | |
| Iron | 974 (60.7%) | 947 (59.6%) | 1921 (60.1%) | |
| Vitamin A | 15 (0.9%) | 10 (0.6%) | 25 (0.8%) | |
| Folate | 911 (56.8%) | 877 (55.2%) | 1788 (56.0%) | |
| Other | 46 (2.9%) | 44 (2.8%) | 90 (2.8%) | |
| None | 314 (19.6%) | 342 (21.5%) | 656 (20.5%) | |
| Nulliparous5, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 589 (36.7%) | 639 (40.2%) | 1228 (38.4%) | |
| No | 1014 (63.2%) | 947 (59.6%) | 1961 (61.4%) | |
| Missing | 2 (0.1%) | 4 (0.3%) | 6 (0.2%) | |
| History of spontaneous abortion, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 219 (13.6%) | 203 (12.8%) | 422 (13.2%) | |
| No | 1386 (86.4%) | 1387 (87.2%) | 2773 (86.8%) | |
| Exposure characteristics | ||||
| Someone in household smokes6, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 181 (11.3%) | 153 (9.6%) | 334 (10.5%) | |
| No | 1421 (88.5%) | 1436 (90.3%) | 2857 (89.4%) | |
| Missing | 3 (0.2%) | 1 (<0.1%) | 4 (0.1%) | |
| Mean personal 24-hr exposure (SD) | ||||
| Particulate Matter (PM2.5) (µg/m3) | 111 (1 1 0) | 120 (1 3 5) | 115 (1 2 3) | |
| Black Carbon (µg/m3) | 12.4 (9.4) | 12.6 (11.0) | 12.5 (10.2) | |
| Carbon Monoxide (ppm) | 2.3 (4.0) | 2.7 (4.8) | 2.5 (4.4) | |
| Household characteristics | ||||
| Number of people sleeping in house, mean (SD); n missing | 4.3 (2.0); 0 | 4.3 (2.0); 1 | 4.3 (2.0); 1 | |
| Owns household assets, n (%) | ||||
| Color Television | 783 (48.8%) | 774 (48.7%) | 1,557 (48.7%) | |
| Radio | 721 (44.9%) | 734 (46.2%) | 1,455 (45.5%) | |
| Mobile phone | 1,395 (86.9%) | 1,388 (87.3%) | 2,783 (87.1%) | |
| Bicycle | 409 (25.5%) | 365 (23.0%) | 774 (24.2%) | |
| Bank account | 628 (39.1%) | 697 (43.8%) | 1,325 (41.5%) | |
1N = 3,200 women were randomized; 5 women were deemed ineligible after randomization 2Adapted from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Minimum Diet Diversity for Women (FAO and FHI 360, 2016). 3The Food Insecurity Experience Scale, developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Ha et al., 2018) 4 Vitamins reportedly taken in the past 12 months.
5Nulliparous defined as zero pregnancies reaching 20 weeks and 0 days of gestation or beyond; miscarriages can have occurred in a woman who is nulliparous.
6Someone in the household other than the pregnant woman smokes; pregnant women were all non-smokers based on eligibility criteria.