Table 1. Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Characteristics by Intervention Group With Bayley-III Assessment (N = 626).
| Characteristic | Intervention, No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mediterranean diet (n = 218) | Stress reduction (n = 215) | Usual care (n = 193) | |
| Maternal | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 38.0 (4.0) | 37.6 (4.5) | 37.6 (4.5) |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| African American | 2 (0.9) | 2 (0.9) | 4 (2.1) |
| Asian | 2 (0.9) | 5 (2.3) | 5 (2.6) |
| Latin American | 31 (14.2) | 28 (13.0) | 22 (11.4) |
| Maghreb | 6 (2.8) | 3 (1.4) | 3 (1.6) |
| White | 177 (81.2) | 177 (82.3) | 159 (82.4) |
| Socioeconomic statusa | |||
| Low | 7 (3.2) | 9 (4.2) | 14 (7.3) |
| Medium | 66 (30.3) | 72 (33.5) | 59 (30.6) |
| High | 145 (66.5) | 134 (62.3) | 120 (62.2) |
| Education | |||
| None/primary | 7 (3.2) | 9 (4.2) | 14 (7.3) |
| Secondary/technology | 54 (24.8) | 62 (28.8) | 55 (28.5) |
| University | 157 (72.0) | 144 (67.0) | 124 (64.2) |
| Cigarette smoking | 31 (14.2) | 40 (18.6) | 30 (15.5) |
| Alcohol intake | 28 (12.8) | 34 (15.8) | 23 (11.9) |
| Drug use | 1 (0.5) | 2 (0.9) | 3 (1.6) |
| Neonatal | |||
| Sex | |||
| Female | 110 (50.5) | 99 (46.0) | 84 (43.5) |
| Male | 108 (49.5) | 116 (54.0) | 109 (56.5) |
| Gestational age at delivery, median (IQR), wk | 40.0 (39.1-40.4) | 39.9 (38.6-40.4) | 39.6 (38.6-40.4) |
| Cesarean delivery | 81 (37.2) | 68 (31.6) | 60 (31.1) |
| Birthweight, mean (SD), g | 3244.8 (509.3) | 3205.3 (513.0) | 3154.7 (517.0) |
| Birthweight percentile | 43.7 (29.7) | 44.2 (29.1) | 40.7 (30.5) |
| Small for gestational age (<10th centile) | 35 (16.1) | 32 (14.9) | 40 (20.7) |
| Apgar 5 min <7 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.5) |
| Umbilical artery pH, mean (SD) | 7.21 (0.08) | 7.21 (0.08) | 7.20 (0.09) |
| Neonatal intensive care unit admission | 10 (4.6) | 14 (6.5) | 11 (5.7) |
| Child (at Bayley-III assessment) | |||
| Corrected age at Bayley-III assessment, mean (SD), mo | 25.1 (3.4) | 24.9 (2.7) | 24.7 (2.7) |
| Maternal breastfeeding | 192 (88.1) | 185 (86.0) | 167 (86.5) |
| Duration of breastfeeding, mean (SD), mo | 11.9 (8.7) | 12.1 (9.2) | 13.1 (9.4) |
| Breastfeeding >4 mo | 175 (80.3) | 170 (79.1) | 156 (80.8) |
| Height, mean (SD), cm | 86.6 (4.6) | 87.0 (5.3) | 86.9 (4.0) |
| Weight, mean (SD), g | 12.4 (1.8) | 12.5 (2.0) | 12.4 (1.6) |
| Head circumference, mean (SD), cm | 48.1 (2.8) | 48.1 (2.0) | 48.6 (2.3) |
| Attending kindergarten at Bayley-III assessment | 173 (79.4) | 157 (73.0) | 140 (72.5) |
Abbreviation: Bayley III, Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition.
a
Socioeconomic status was defined as follows: low (never worked or unemployed for more than 2 years), medium (secondary studies and work), and high (university studies and work).