Table 1:
Trends in unadjusted and adjusted weighted prevalence of obesity* among adults with doctor-diagnosed arthritis†, overall and by demographic and health characteristics for three age groups--- National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2009 –2014
| Age 18–44 years | Age 45–64 years | Age 65 years | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||
| Demographic and health characteristics | 2009 n=418; Weighted N=3,827,000 | 2014 n=494; Weighted N=3,152,000 | Test of trend§ from 2009–2014 | Test for difference¶ in prevalence between 2009 (ref) and 2014 | 2009 n=1,213; Weighted N=9,914,000 | 2014 n=1,619; Weighted N=9,791,000 | Test of trend§ from 2009–2014 | Test for difference¶ in prevalence between 2009 (ref) and 2014 | 2009 n=812; Weighted N=5,442,000 | 2014 n=1,393; Weighted N=7,183,000 | Test of trend§ from 2009–2014 | Test for difference¶ in prevalence between 2009 (ref) and 2014 |
| % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | P-trend | PR (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | P-trend | PR (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | P-trend | PR (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 43.7 (39.4–48.0) | 40.9 (37.0–44.9) | 0.925 | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 43.4 (40.8–45.9) | 42.7 (40.2 –45.2) | 0.925 | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 29.4 (27.4–31.4 | 34.3 (32.3–36.4) | 0.001 | 1.15 (1.06–1.25) |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Men | 47.7 (40.6–54.9) | 41.5 (35.3 –47.9) | 0.588 | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | 43.5 (39.6–47.4) | 43.6 (39.7–47.5) | 0.751 | 1.02 (0.91–1.13) | 29.2 (25.9–32.7) | 32.3 (29.1–35.7) | 0.060 | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) |
| Women | 41.0 (35.9–46.4) | 40.4 (35.2–45.8) | 0.473 | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 43.3 (40.0–46.6) | 42.0 (38.9–45.1) | 0.768 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 29.5 (27.1–32.0) | 35.6 (33.2–38.2) | 0.002 | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 41.7 (36.6–47.1) | 37.7 (33.0–42.7) | 0.652 | 1.04 (0.89–1.21) | 40.9 (37.9–43.9) | 40.3 (37.3–43.4) | 0.927 | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 27.9 (25.7–30.1) | 33.6 (31.2–36.1) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.08–1.32) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 55.9 (45.4–65.8) | 54.6 (45.5–63.4) | 0.970 | 1.00 (0.81–1.22) | 54.9 (49.1–60.5 | 53.9 (48.7–59.0) | 0.714 | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 41.8 (36.2–47.5) | 46.8 (41.7–51.9) | 0.206 | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) |
| Hispanic | 46.8 (36.2–57.6) | 55.1 (46.4 –63.5) | 0.877 | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | 52.3 (44.0–60.4) | 48.1 (40.8–55.5) | 0.767 | 0.97 (0.82–1.16) | 38.7 (31.0–47.0) | 36.7 (30.7–43.1) | 0.288 | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) |
| Other, non-Hispanic | - | - | - | - | ††† | 35.8 (26.0–47.0) | - | - | ††† | ††† | - | - |
| Education Level | ||||||||||||
| < High school diploma | 43.7 (30.7–57.6) | 41.9 (31.8– 52.8) | 0.737 | 1.05 (0.77–1.43) | 52.9 (46.8–59.0) | 50.0 (44.1–55.9) | 0.855 | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | 32.9 (29.4–36.7) | 36.3 (31.9–40.9) | 0.078 | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) |
| High school diploma | 48.0 (40.6–55.5) | 43.5 (35.8–51.5) | 0.793 | 0.97 (0.80–1.19) | 45.7 (41.3–50.2) | 46.3 (42.0–50.7) | 0.562 | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 30.2 (26.7–34.0) | 34.3 (30.6–38.2 | 0.133 | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) |
| At least some college | 41.1 (33.1–49.6) | 47.0 (39.0–55.1) | 0.382 | 1.11 (0.88–1.39) | 46.2 (40.6–51.9) | 46.0 (41.0–51.0) | 0.584 | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | 29.8 (24.0–36.3) | 35.1 (30.7–39.8) | 0.064 | 1.21 (0.99–1.47) |
| Completed college or greater | 41.7 (34.8–49.0) | 34.2 (27.5–41.5) | 0.681 | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | 35.7 (31.9–39.7) | 35.9 (32.3–39.6) | 0.656 | 0.98 (0.87–1.09) | 25.2 (21.4–29.5) | 32.9 (29.4–36.6) | 0.067 | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) |
| Employment Status | ||||||||||||
| Employed/self-employed | 42.9 (37.5–48.4) | 40.7 (35.7–45.9) | 0.782 | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) | 40.5 (37.0–44.0) | 41.1 (37.7–44.5) | 0.604 | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 34.9 (29.1–41.3) | 36.8 (31.2–42.7) | 0.705 | 1.04 (0.84–1.29) |
| Unemployed | 42.3 (30.6–55.0) | 40.4 (27.6–54.6) | 0.792 | 1.05 (0.73–1.52) | 39.4 (29.9–49.8) | 40.3 (31.5–49.9) | 0.847 | 1.03 (0.78–1.35) | 44.6 (24.8–66.2) | 41.9 (25.7–59.9) | 0.655 | 0.86 (0.45–1.66) |
| Unable to work/disabled | 53.0 (40.3–65.3) | 44.5 (35.3–54.0) | 0.755 | 0.96 (0.75–1.24) | 51.9 (47.3–56.5) | 49.1 (44.6–53.5) | 0.023 | 0.90 (0.82–0.98) | 46.9 (38.5–55.5) | 51.2 (43.7–58.6) | 0.425 | 1.08 (0.89–1.31) |
| Other†† | 35.4 (24.9–47.4) | 37.4 (26.4 –49.8) | 0.608 | 0.91 (0.63–1.31) | 43.6 (37.5–49.8) | 39.2 (33.6–45.1) | 0.285 | 1.08 (0.93–1.26) | 26.9 (24.8–29.2) | 32.3 (30.1–34.6) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.09–1.30) |
| Physical activity ** | ||||||||||||
| Meeting recommendations | 37.3 (32.0–43.0) | 37.8 (32.6–43.4) | 0.876 | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 32.4 (28.7–36.4) | 33.6 (30.1–37.2) | 0.258 | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 23.4 (19.8–27.4) | 26.9 (23.7–30.4) | 0.032 | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) |
| Insufficient activity | 46.5 (36.7–56.5) | 45.5 (34.7–56.7) | 0.814 | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) | 46.1 (41.0–51.3) | 46.5 (40.5–52.6) | 0.814 | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 29.0 (24.6–33.8) | 37.5 (33.1–42.2) | 0.057 | 1.18 (0.99–1.40) |
| Inactive | 50.2 (43.0–57.4) | 43.8 (36.7–51.3) | 0.931 | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 53.0 (49.0–57.0) | 50.5 (46.8–54.2) | 0.147 | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 32.9 (30.1–36.0) | 38.7 (35.6–41.8) | 0.032 | 1.12 (1.01–1.23) |
| Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
| Very good/excellent | 35.1 (29.3–41.3) | 34.3 (28.6 –40.5) | 0.882 | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) | 29.4 (26.1–33.0) | 31.3 (27.8–34.9) | 0.264 | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 23.5 (20.2–27.1) | 29.3 (26.1–32.7) | 0.004 | 1.25 (1.07–1.45) |
| Good | 53.3 (46.0–60.5) | 47.2 (39.0 –55.5) | 0.897 | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 50.0 (45.5–54.5) | 46.9 (42.1–51.7) | 0.693 | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 29.9 (26.3–33.8) | 34.5 (30.9–38.2) | 0.157 | 1.11 (0.96–1.27) |
| Fair/poor | 47.1 (37.6–56.7) | 46.2 (38.7–53.8) | 0.623 | 1.06 (0.85–1.31) | 54.8 (50.3–59.1) | 52.2 (48.0–56.3) | 0.412 | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 35.4 (31.7–39.3) | 41.5 (37.9–45.2) | 0.041 | 1.12 (1.00–1.24) |
| Heart Disease §§ | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 45.9 (32.0–60.3) | 37.3 (25.3–51.1) | 0.233 | 0.82 (0.60–1.13) | 47.6 (42.2–53.0) | 49.0 (44.2–53.9) | 0.370 | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 29.7 (26.6–33.1) | 35.7 (32.4–39.2) | 0.010 | 1.18 (1.04–1.33) |
| No | 43.4 (39.0–47.8) | 41.4 (37.3–45.6) | 0.558 | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 41.9 (39.1–44.8) | 41.1 (38.4–44.0) | 0.614 | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 29.1 (26.5–31.7) | 33.6 (31.2–36.0) | 0.013 | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) |
| Diabetes ¶¶ | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 71.2 (54.6–83.6) | 59.2 (44.4– 72.6) | 0.243 | 0.88 (0.70–1.10) | 71.5 (65.8–76.5) | 68.5 (63.7–73.0) | 0.651 | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 48.7 (44.3–53.1) | 49.2 (44.7–53.8) | 0.859 | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) |
| No | 41.0 (36.5–45.5) | 39.5 (35.5–43.7) | 0.755 | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 36.9 (34.3–39.6) | 36.9 (34.2–39.6) | 0.942 | 1.00 (0.93–1.09) | 23.7 (21.6–26.0) | 29.4 (27.4–31.6) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.12–1.37) |
| SPD *** | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 52.1 (38.6–65.4) | 39.8 (28.0–53.1) | 0.405 | 0.87 (0.64–1.20) | 48.2 (39.6–56.9) | 47.4 (40.6–54.3) | 0.472 | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) | 30.3 (21.5–40.9) | 46.8 (35.3–58.7) | 0.336 | 1.19 (0.84–1.68) |
| No | 42.5 (38.1–47.0) | 40.5 (36.3–44.9) | 0.756 | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 42.9 (40.3–45.7) | 42.4 (39.8–45.1) | 0.932 | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 29.5 (27.4–31.6) | 34.1 (32.0–36.4) | 0.001 | 1.15 (1.06–1.25) |
Abbreviation: N=Weighted sample size, n=sample size, CI = confidence interval, SPD=serious psychological distress
Obesity was defined as a body mass index (weight [kg] / height [m2]) ≥30.0.
Doctor–diagnosed arthritis was defined as a “yes” response to the question, “Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you have some form of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, lupus, or fibromyalgia?
P-value estimated for trend analysis for all the available years from 2009 to2014 by using time as a continuous variable in a log-binomial regression model and adjusting for all other demographic and health characteristics shown in the table.
Prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% CIs estimated from a log-binomial regression model after adjusting for all other demographic and health characteristics to test the difference in prevalence from 2009 (reference) to 2014.
Determined from responses to six questions regarding frequency and duration of participation in leisure–time activities of moderate or vigorous intensity and categorized according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Total minutes (moderate to vigorous) of physical activity per week were categorized as follows: meeting recommendations (≥150 min per week), insufficient activity (10–<150 min), and inactive (<10 min).
Students, volunteers, homemakers, and retirees.
Adults were considered to have doctor–diagnosed heart disease if they answered “yes” to any of the following four questions: “Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that you had coronary heart disease? Angina, also called angina pectoris? A heart attack (also called myocardial infarction)? Any kind of heart condition or heart disease (other than the ones I just asked about)?”
Adults were considered to have doctor–diagnosed diabetes disease if they answered “yes” to “Have you ever been told by a doctor or health professional that you have diabetes or sugar diabetes?”
Adults were considered to have serious psychological distress (SPD) if they scored ≥13 on the Kessler scale.
Estimate flagged and not shown for not meeting relative standard error (RSE) criterion <30 or sample size<50
Notes: Estimates in boldface indicate statistically significant findings.