Table 3.
As-Treated Clinical Outcomes Measured at 12 Months after Release from Incarceration.
| Dosed with methadone day before release n = 128 | Not dosed with methadone day before release n = 51 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (OR) (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drug treatment (prior 12 months) | |||
| Outpatient drug-free program | 28 (21.9%) | 5 (9.8%) | 0.39 (0.14, 1.07) |
| Residential treatment program | 24 (18.8%) | 11 (21.6%) | 1.19 (0.53, 2.65) |
| Prison/jail treatment program | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.9%) | - |
| Self-help/12-step program | 46 (35.9%) | 22 (43.1%) | 1.35 (0.70, 2.62) |
| In methadone treatment program | 117 (91.4%) | 43 (84.3%) | 0.51 (0.19, 1.34) |
| In any drug treatment program | 120 (93.8%) | 46 (90.2%) | 0.61 (0.19, 1.97) |
| Detox program (prior 12 months) | 21 (16.4%) | 8 (15.7%) | 0.95 (0.39, 2.30) |
| Continuous engagement in methadone treatment programa (n = 174) | 56 (45.2%) | 13 (26.0%) | 0.43 (0.21, 0.88)* |
| Health insurance (prior 12 months) | 67 (52.3%) | 28 (54.9%) | 1.11 (0.58, 2.13) |
| Opioid replacement therapy (prior 30 days) | |||
| Prescribed methadone | 88 (68.8%) | 32 (62.8%) | 0.77 (0.39, 1.51) |
| Prescribed buprenorphine | 4 (3.1%) | 4 (7.8%) | 2.64 (0.63, 11.0) |
| Adverse events (prior 12 months) | |||
| Re-arrested | 65 (50.8%) | 29 (56.9%) | 1.28 (0.67, 2.46) |
| Reincarcerated (self-report) | 39 (30.5%) | 18 (35.3%) | 1.25 (0.63, 2.47) |
| Reincarcerated (administrative data) | 72 (56.3%) | 31 (60.8%) | 1.21 (0.62, 2.34) |
| Emergency department utilization (self-report) | 52 (40.6%) | 26 (51.0%) | 1.52 (0.79, 2.92) |
| Emergency department utilization (administrative data) | 52 (40.6%) | 18 (35.3%) | 0.80 (0.41, 1.56) |
| Drug use at 12 months (prior 30 days) | |||
| Heroin | 31 (24.2%) | 20 (39.2%) | 2.02 (1.01, 4.04)* |
| Prescription opioids | 18 (14.1%) | 6 (11.8%) | 0.82 (0.30, 2.19) |
| Alcohol to feel effects | 25 (19.5%) | 9 (17.7%) | 0.88 (0.38, 2.05) |
| Cannabis use | 45 (35.2%) | 11 (21.6%) | 0.51 (0.24, 1.08) |
| Other drug useb | 50 (39.1%) | 28 (54.9%) | 1.90 (0.99, 3.66) |
| HIV risk behaviors (prior 30 days) | |||
| Injection drug use | 23 (18.0%) | 20 (39.2%) | 2.95 (1.43, 6.06)* |
| Transactional sexc | 2 (1.6%) | 1 (2.0%) | 1.26 (0.11, 14.2) |
| Overdoses (nonfatal) | 9 (7.0%) | 9 (17.7%) | 2.83 (1.05, 7.61)* |
*
p < .05.
a =
Defined as ≥335 total days in treatment during study period; 5 records were excluded due to incomplete data
b =
Includes use of barbiturates; sedatives, hypnotics, or tranquilizers; benzodiazepines; cocaine or crack; amphetamines; hallucinogens; or inhalants.
c =
Includes sex in exchange for drugs, money, or food/shelter.
Abbreviations;: IQR = interquartile range; CI = confidence interval.