TABLE 1.
Study characteristic.
| Author | Study sample | Protocol & N | Exercise mode | Duration & frequency | BFR type, pressure & width | Outcomes (percentage increase or decrease) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beekley et al. (2005) | Healthy men (21–28 y) | Walk-CG, 9 Walk-BFR, 9 | 15-min walk on the treadmill | 3 wk; 2 times/day | Continuous BFR; 160–230 mmHg; NG | BALP: Walk-BFR ↑ 10.8%, Walk-CG ↑ 0.3%; IGF-1: Walk-BFR ↑ 3.5%, Walk-CG ↓ 0.2% |
| Bemben et al. (2022) | Active healthy men (18–35 y) | HI (70% 1RM), 12 LI-BFR (20%1RM), 12 CG (normal daily PA), 8 | Upper body: lat pull down, shoulder press, biceps curl, and triceps extension. Lower body: knee flexion and knee extension | 12 wk; 2 days/wk | Int-BFR; 120–180 mmHg; 5 cm | BALP: HL ↑ 3.4%, ML ↓ 5.8%, LI-BFR ↑ 0%, CG ↑ 0%; CTX: HL ↓ 12.4%, ML ↑ 0.9%, LI-BFR ↓ 2%, CG ↑ 3% |
| Fakhri et al. (2021) | Inactive female students (23.84 ± 1.1 y) | LI, 12, LI-BFR, 12, CG, 12 | Plyometric training: deep, step, forward and side-to-side jump | 4 wk; 3 days/wk | Int-BFR; 160 mmHg; NG | BALP: LI-BFR ↑ 16.2%, LI ↑ 0.4%, CG ↓ 0.2%; CTX: LI-BFR ↓ 4.9%, LI ↓ 2%, CG ↑ 1.2% |
| Fakhri et al. (2021) | Inactive females (22.96 ± 1.03 y) | HI, 12, LI-BFR, 12, LI, 12, CG, 12 | Plyometric training: deep, step, forward and side-to-side jump | 4 wk; 3 days/wk | Int-BFR; 160 mmHg; NG | BALP: HL ↓ 0.4%, LI-BFR ↓ 1%, LI ↑ 0.5%, CG ↑ 0.2%; CTX: HL ↓ 10.6%, LI-BFR ↓ 13.2%, LI ↑ 2%, CG ↑ 0.8% |
| Jack et al. (2023) | Patients (ACL) (24.1 ± 7.2 y) | LI (20% 1RM), 15, LI-BFR (20% 1RM), 17 | Leg extension | 12 wk; 2 days/wk | NG; 80% AOP; NG | BMD (week 6): LI ↓ 7.6%, LI-BFR ↓ 2.8%; BMD (week 12): LI ↓ 8.2%, LI-BFR ↓ 4.9% |
| Karabulut et al. (2011) | Healthy elderly men (58.8 ± 0.6 y) | HI (80% 1RM), 13, LI-BFR (20%1RM), 13, CG (normal daily PA), 11 | Upper body: latissimus puLI down, shoulder press, and biceps curl. Lower body: leg press and knee extension | 6 wk; 3 days/wk | Int-BFR; 120–180 mmHg; 5 cm | BMD: HL ↑ 0%, LI-BFR ↑ 0%, CG ↑ 0.8%; BMC: HL ↓ 0.3%, LI-BFR ↑ 0%, CG ↑ 0% |
| Kargaran and Amani-Shalamzari (2022) | Elderly women (63.1 ± 2.9 y) | LI, 10, LI-BFR, 10, CG, 10 | 20-min cognitive-walking training on treadmill | 9 wk; 3 days/wk | NG; 50%–80% AOP; 5 cm | BMD: LI ↑ 0%, LI-BFR ↑ 2.1%, CG ↑ 0% |
| Kim et al. (2012) | Untrained men (18–35 y) | HI (80% 1RM), 10, LI-BFR (20% 1RM), 10, BFR, 10 | leg press, knee extension | 3 wk; 3 days/wk | Continuous BFR; 120 mmHg; 5 cm | BALP: HL ↑ 39.4%, LI-BFR ↑ 4.2%, BFR ↓ 1.7%; CTX: HL ↑ 1.8%, LI-BFR ↑ 5.7%, BFR ↑ 3.8% |
| Lambert et al. (2019) | Active adults (23 ± 7 y) | LI (20% 1RM), 7, LI-BFR (20% 1RM), 7 | Quadriceps contractions, bilateral leg press, eccentric leg press, hamstring curl, eccentric hamstring curl | 12 wk; 2 days/wk | NG; 80% AOP; NG | BMD (week 6): LI ↓ 3.42–13.49%, LI-BFR ↓ 3.55–4.55%; BMD (week 12): LI ↓ 10.35–15.9%, LI-BFR ↓ −1.66‒7.41% |
| Linero and Choi (2021) | Postmenopausal women (56 ± 1.8 y) | HI (60–80% 1RM), 7, LI (30% 1RM), 6, LI-BFR (30% 1RM), 7, CG, 6 | Bilateral leg press, leg extension, dumbbell biceps curl, and triceps extension | 12 weeks with a 48-h interval | NG; 140–200 mmHg; 7.5 cm | BMD: HL ↓ 1.1%, LI-BFR ↓ 2.2%, LI ↓ 0.35%, CG ↓ 4.3%; CTX: HL ↑ 21.7%, LI-BFR ↓ 11.5%, LI ↑ 0%, CG ↓ 3.5% |
| Park et al. (2019) | Elderly women (78.4 ± 6.97 y) | LI-BFR (20% 1RM), 8, LI (20% 1RM), 5, HI (70% 1RM), 8 | knee extension, leg curl | 12 wk; 3 days/wk | Int-BFR; 120–160 mmHg; 5 cm | BALP: HL ↑ 18.3%, LI-BFR ↑ 7.8, LI ↑ 1%; CTX: HL ↓ 20.5%, LI-BFR ↓ 18.4%, LI ↓ 2.4% |
| Zaravar et al. (2021) | Elderly women (60–70 y) | LI-BFR,15, LI, 15, CG, 15 | Water resistance exercise | 8 wk; 3 days/wk | NG; 110–220 mmHg; 5 cm | BMD: LI-BFR ↑ 4.4%, LI ↑ 1.5%, CG ↓ 1.8% |
ACL, anterior cruciate ligament; AOP, arterial occlusion pressure; BALP, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase; BMC, bone mineral content; BM, bone mass; BMD, bone mineral density; CTX, C-terminal telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen; HI, high intensity; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; Int-BFR, intermittent blood flow restriction; LI, low intensity; LI-BFR, low intensity blood flow restriction; NG, not given; NTX, serum cross-linked N-telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen; P1NP, procollagen Ⅰ intact N-terminal; PTH, parathyroid hormone.