Table 2. Categorization of items (n = 308) from presence, flow, game, and narrative questionnaires (reproduced with permission from Pianzola et al., 2021a).
| Total
items |
Scales
with item |
Item type | Category | Main psychological
phenomenon |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23 | 11 | Attention (no external thoughts) | Attention | Attention |
| 17 | 9 | Attention (no external perceptions) | ||
| 18 | 11 | Time distortion | Time | – |
| 17 | 9 | “Being there” (feelings and perceptions, not
thoughts) |
Space | Spatial presence |
| 8 | 5 | Realities overlapping | ||
| 6 | 3 | Closeness of story world | ||
| 7 | 6 | Return to reality | ||
| 5 | 5 | Being part of the action (also partly overlaps with
“being there”) |
||
| 10 | 5 | Possibility of action in space | Agency | |
| 6 | 4 | Control of content | ||
| 5 | 3 | Control of medium | ||
| 9 | 6 | Naturalness/fluency of medium use | ||
| 14 | 6 | Perceived realism | Comparison | |
| 5 | 2 | Attention to another agent | Attention | Social presence |
| 5 | 4 | Co-location with another agent | Space | |
| 24 | 4 | Mind reading | Cognition | |
| 5 | 2 | Behavioural response to another agent | Agency | |
| 13 | 7 | Matching of another agent’s emotions | Emotion | |
| 4 | 3 | Feelings for another agent | ||
| 6 | 5 | Connection with another agent | Emotion/Cognition | |
| 16 | 6 | Understanding of another agent (perspective
taking, cognitive empathy) |
Cognition | |
| 12 | 7 | Challenge | Cognition | Flow |
| 8 | 4 | Vividness of imagery | Comparison | Narrative absorption |
| 14 | 7 | Comprehension of content | Comprehension | |
| 9 | 6 | Suspense/anticipation | Emotion/Cognition | |
| 18 | 10 | Emotional response to medium/content | Emotion | Emotional impact |
| 14 | 7 | Explicit use of involvement/engagement terms | Metaphor | – |
| 10 | 9 | Explicit use of absorption/immersion terms |