Table-4.

Evaluation of risk factors for colic in horses.

Variables	Normal (n = 39)	Colic (n = 217)	χ2	p-value	OR	RR
Age
<5 years old	12	45	4.32	0.12	n/a	n/a
5–10 years old	21	106				n/a
>10 years old	6	66				n/a
Gender
Male	18	168	16.27	0.00***	0.25	0.59
Female	21	49				2.39
Breed
Sumba	14	109	2.93	0.23	n/a	n/a
Thoroughbred	8	30				n/a
Mixed	17	78				n/a
Season
Summer	20	100	0.36	0.55	0.81	1.11
Winter	19	117				0.90
Wheat bran feeding
No	5	101	15.49	0.00***	0.17	0.28
Yes	34	116				1.63
Feeding on green fodders
No	29	169	0.23	0.63	0.82	0.96
Yes	10	48				1.16
Concentrate feeding
<5 kg	0	90	24.95	0.00***	n/a	n/a
>5 kg	39	127				1.71
Anthelmintics administration
No	0	152	67.24	0.00***	n/a	n/a
Yes	39	65				3.34
Gastrointestinal parasites
Absent	39	67	65.11	0.00***	n/a	3.24
Present	0	150				n/a
Recurrence of colic
No	30	22	91.09	0.00***	29.55	7.59
Yes	9	195				0.26
Body condition score
Poor	4	171	71.81	0.00***	0.03	0.13
Good	35	46				4.23
Water source
Soft water	12	98	2.79	0.09	0.54	0.68
Well	27	119				1.26
Access to water/day
Once	0	50	127.92	0.00***	n/a	n/a
Twice	3	145				n/a
3 times	24	16				n/a
More than 3 times	12	6				n/a
Dental diseases
Absent	39	175	9.03	0.00***	n/a	1.24
Present	0	42				n/a
Musculoskeletal diseases
Absent	39	201	3.07	0.08	n/a	1.08
Present	0	16				n/a

Significant at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01,

^***p < 0.001. n = number of samples, χ²=Chi-square, OR=Odds ratio, RR=Relative risk, n/a=Not applicable