S2.

XRD patterns of A1, A2, and A3 samples including silicon and graphite.

Sample name, (JCPDS no.) and two theta degrees	A1	A2	A3
Two theta (before cycling)	Silicon (01-075-0589) 28.441, 47.304, 56.125, 69.136, 76.377, 88.036	Silicon (01-077-2110) 28.508, 47.416, 56.259, 69.312, 76.583	Silicon (00-027-1402) 28.441, 47.304, 56.125, 69.136, 76.377, 88.036
	Graphite (01-075-2078) 26.611, 54.810	Carbon (00-003-0401) 26.190, 54.580	Graphite (01-075-2078) 26.611, 54.810
Two theta (after cycling)	-	Silicon (01-077-2110) 28.508, 47.416, 56.259, 69.312, 76.583	Silicon (01-080-0018) 28.652
	Graphite (01-075-2078) 26.611	Carbon (00-026-1080) 26.605, 47.304, 54.792	Graphite (01-075-2078) 26.611, 54.810
	Silicon Oxide (01-078-1254) 26.804	Silicon Oxide (01-083-2470) 22.02, 56.046, 69.168	Silicon Oxide (00-029-0085) 21.981