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. 2023 Aug 15;11(9):e1345–e1362. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00305-4

Table 1.

Studies included reporting prevalence of genital HPV in men by UN Sustainable Development Goals regional grouping

Study Recruitment years Study population or setting Study design Age range, years Selection of study population Specimen sample sites HPV detection method Risk score Sample size Estimated HPV prevalence
 Inclusion in analyses
Any type HR-HPV Overall Age Type
Australia and New Zealand (Oceania)
Australia Machalek et al (2017)55* 2014–16 Sexual health clinics, general practice clinics, and outreach using Facebook Cross-sectional 16 to 35 Convenience Glans, corona, foreskin, and shaft PCR-PGMY09-PGMY11, Cobas HPV test (Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, CA, USA) and Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, CA, USA) High 511 28% 19% Yes Yes Yes
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia
China Tang et al (2006)76 2003–04 STI clinic Cross-sectional 18 to 70 Convenience Urethra PCR-MY09-MY11 and restriction fragment length polymorphisms High 305 14% NR Yes Yes Yes
China He et al (2013)41* 2007–09 Rural community Cross-sectional 25 to 65 Cluster Glans, corona, shaft, and scrotum PCR-SPF1/GP6+ Low 2236 18% 6% Yes Yes Yes
China Wei et al (2016)86* 2014 Urban community Cross-sectional 18 to 55 Convenience Glans, corona, penile, perianal, and anal canal PCR-GP5+/6+ Low 1509 11% 10% Yes Yes Yes
China Zhang et al (2018)90* 2013 Rural community Cross-sectional <30 to >50† Convenience Urethra Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Kit (Gene Chips; Genetel Pharmaceuticals, Shenzhen, China) High 104 13% 10% Yes No Yes
China Ma et al (2019)54 2016–18 STI clinic Cross-sectional 18 to 67 Convenience Glans, corona, shaft, scrotum, and urethral Real-time PCR genotyping (Liferiver, Shanghai, China) High 737 26% 19% Yes Yes Yes
China Wang et al (2021)84 2015–20 Men attending Henan Provincial People's Hospital Cross-sectional 20 to 85 Convenience Glans, corona, shaft, prepuce, and distal urethra PCR-HPV genotyping kit (Gene Chips; Genetel Pharmaceuticals, Shenzhen, China) High 3690 30% 12% Yes Yes Yes
Japan Takahashi et al (2003)74 2002 University students Case-control 18 to 35 Convenience Glans, corona, and foreskin Hybrid Capture 2, for high-risk and low-risk HPV types (Digene, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) Low 75 1% 1% Yes No No
Japan Takahashi et al (2005)75* 2004 University students Cross-sectional 18 to 35 Convenience Glans, corona, and foreskin Hybrid Capture 2, for high-risk and low-risk HPV types (Digene, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) Low 150 8% 8% Yes No No
Japan Matsuzawa et al (2020)56* 2011–15 Urology clinic Cross-sectional 15 to 95 Convenience Glans PCR-GENOSEARCH-HPV31 (Medical and Biological Laboratories, Nagoya, Japan) High 759 25% 13% Yes Yes Yes
Malaysia Khoo et al (2021)48 2014–16 Community Cross-sectional 18 to 60 Convenience Shaft PCR-BGISEQ-100 (Beijing Genome Institute-assembled Ion Proton Sequencer from Life Technologies, South San Francisco, CA, USA) Low 389 21% 19% Yes Yes Yes
South Korea Shin et al (2004)70 2002 University students Cross-sectional 18 to 28 Convenience Glans, corona, foreskin, penile, and scrotum PCR line probe assay Low 381 9% 4% Yes Yes Yes
Philippines, Taiwan, and Australia Vardas et al (2011)80 2004–08 Community (baseline data of men participating in the Gardasil trial) Cross-sectional 16 to 14 Convenience Penile, scrotum, and perineal or perianal areas PCR multiplex real-time fluorescent detection (Atila BioSystems, Mountain View, CA, USA) Low 263 10% 9% Yes Yes Yes
Europe and Northern America
Canada Ogilvie et al (2009)62* 2006–07 STI clinic Cross-sectional 16 to 69 Convenience Glans, foreskin, penile shaft, and scrotum PCR Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, CA, USA) High 261 61% 57% Yes Yes Yes
Canada El-Zein et al (2019)37* 2005–11 University students Cohort 17 to 45 Convenience Glans, corona, foreskin, shaft, and scrotum PCR Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, CA, USA) Low 535 59% 42% Yes Yes Yes
Canada Nelson et al (2019)59* 2011–13 Urban community Cross-sectional 16 to 83 Convenience Foreskin and shaft PCR Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, CA, USA) High 175 43% 24% Yes Yes Yes
Croatia Bosnjak et al (2013)34 2009–11 STI clinic Cross-sectional 17 to 60 Convenience Genital PCR-AMPLICOR HPV test (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) High 330 32% 32% Yes Yes No
Czechia Jaworek et al (2021)46 2013–16 Men in couples treated for infertility Cross-sectional 22 to 57 Convenience Glans and corona PCR-PapilloCheck test (Greiner Bio-One, Frickenhausen, Germany) High 195 41% 31% Yes No Yes
Denmark Hebnes et al (2015)42* 2006–07 Military conscripts and employees Cross-sectional 18 to 65 Population-based Glans, corona, foreskin, shaft, scrotum, and perineum PCR-INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra II (Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium) Low 2436 42% 30% Yes Yes Yes
Denmark Kjaer et al (2005)49 1998 Miltary conscripts Cohort 18 to 29 Population-based Glans and corona PCR-GP5+/6+ Low 337 34% NR Yes Yes Yes
Finland Kero et al (2011)47 No data Male spouses of pregnant women in their third trimester Cohort 19 to 46 Convenience Urethra PCR-GP5+/6+ and MY09/11 Low 128 23% 9% Yes No Yes
Italy Bartoletti et al (2014)31 2005–06 STI clinic Case-control 18 to 45 Convenience Urethra PCR-INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra (Innogenetics, Rome, Italy) High 1081 27% 11% Yes No No
Netherlands Bleeker et al (2005)33 2002 Outpatient clinic (not an STI clinic) Cross-sectional 23 to 73 Convenience Glans, corona, and foreskin PCR-GP5+/6+ Low 83 25% 19% Yes Yes Yes
Netherlands Vriend et al (2013)83* 2009–11 STI clinic Cross-sectional 16 to 24 Convenience Glans, corona, and foreskin PCR-SPF10-DEIA line probe assay (DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, Netherlands) High 414 54% 40% Yes Yes Yes
Netherlands Luttmer et al (2015)53* 2011–12 Healthy men Cross-sectional 18 to 65 Convenience Glans, corona, and foreskin PCR-SPF10-DNA enzyme-linked immunoassay (DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, Netherlands) Low 170 34% 26% Yes Yes Yes
Netherlands Koene et al (2016)50* 2011 STI clinic Cross-sectional 18 to 61 Convenience Glans, corona, shaft, and urethra PCR-RHA Kit SPF10-LiPA25 version 1 (Labo Bio-medical Products, Rijswijk, Netherlands) High 111 65% 42% Yes Yes Yes
Russia Smelov et al (2013)71* 2006–09 STI clinic Cross-sectional 16 to 60 Convenience Urethra PCR-Bioplex 200 Luminex system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) High 895 25% 17% Yes Yes Yes
Slovenia Golob et al (2014)39* 2010–13 Male partners from couples attending a clinic due to inability to conceive within at least one year of unprotected regular sexual intercourse Cross-sectional 16 to 55 Convenience Penile surface PCR Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA) High 299 37% 17% Yes Yes Yes
Spain Álvarez-Argüelles et al (2013)28* 2002–11 STI clinic Cross-sectional 17 to 87 Convenience Balanopreputial or urethral PCR-MY11/MY09 and GP5+/GP6+ High 565 12% 3% Yes Yes Yes
Sweden Wikström et al (2000)89 No data STI clinic Cross-sectional 18 to 54 Convenience Glans, corona, and foreskin PCR reverse hybridisation DNA sequencing High 235 13% 8% Yes No Yes
Sweden Söderlund-Strand et al (2013)79 2008 Sexual health clinic Cross-sectional 20 to 29 Convenience Urethra PCR-HPV MassArray (Agena Bioscience, Hamburg, Germany) High 597 22% NR Yes Yes No
Sweden Söderlund-Strand et al (2015)72 No data Sexual health clinic Cross-sectional 21 to 56 Convenience Shaft PCR-HPV MassArray (Agena Bioscience, Hamburg, Germany) High 127 49% 34% Yes No Yes
UK Jalal et al (2007)45 2003 STI clinic Cross-sectional 15 to 77 Convenience Urethra PCR reverse blot hybridisation High 437 21% 13% Yes No Yes
UK Cuschieri et al (2011)35* 2007–08 Youth clinic Cross-sectional 16 to 25 Convenience Shaft PCR-INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra II (Fujirebio, Gent, Belgium) High 117 29% 20% Yes Yes Yes
USA Baldwin et al (2003)30 2000–01 STI clinic Cross-sectional 18 to 70 Convenience Glans and corona PCR-PGMY09/11 and reverse line blot or PCR-L1 consensus High 393 28% 12% Yes Yes Yes
USA Weaver et al (2004)85 2001–02 University students Cross-sectional 18 to 25 Population-based Glans, foreskin, shaft, and scrotum PCR-MY09/MY11/HMB01 Low 317 33% NR Yes Yes No
USA Nielson et al (2007)61 2003–06 STI clinic and the community Cross-sectional 18 to 40 Convenience Glans, corona, shaft, scrotum, urethra, perianal area, anal canal, and semen PCR-PGMY09/11 and reverse line blot High 463 65% 29% Yes No Yes
USA Partridge et al (2007)65 2003–06 University students Cohort 18 to 20 Population-based Glans, shaft, and scrotum PCR-based direct DNA sequencing Low 240 26% 20% Yes Yes Yes
USA Hernandez et al (2008)43* 2004–06 University population Cohort 18 to 79 Convenience Glans, corona, shaft, and scrotum PCR-PGMY09/11 and reverse line blot Low 410 40% 24% Yes Yes Yes
USA Hernandez et al (2013)44 2010–12 Community clinic and medical practices Cross-sectional 14 to 59 Convenience Glans, corona, foreskin, and shaft PCR Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) High 450 44% 16% Yes Yes Yes
USA Sudenga et al (2017)73* 2005–09 Community (HPV Infection in Men study [HIM]) Cohort 18 to 70 Baseline Glans, corona, shaft, and scrotum PCR-L1 consensus and Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) Low 1274 47% 28% Yes Yes Yes
USA Gargano et al (2017)38* 2013–14 Community (NHANES) Cross-sectional 14 to 59‡ Population-based Glans PCR Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, CA, USA) Low 1623 47% 26% Yes Yes Yes
USA Widdice et al (2019)88 2013–14 Hospital-based adolescent primary care clinic, STI clinic, and the community Cross-sectional 13 to 26 Sequential sampling Glans, corona, shaft, scrotum, and perianal or anal areas PCR Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, CA, USA) High 310 61% NR Yes No Yes
Croatia, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden Vardas et al (2011)80 2004–08 Community (baseline data of men participating in the Gardasil trial) Cross-sectional 16 to 24 Convenience Penile, scrotum, and perineal or perianal areas PCR-Multiplex Real Time Fluorescent Detection (Atila BioSystems, Mountain View, CA, USA) Low 354 21% 20% Yes Yes Yes
USA and Canada Vardas et al (2011)80 2004–08 Community (baseline data of men participating in the Gardasil trial) Cross-sectional 16 to 24 Convenience Penile, scrotum, and perineal or perianal areas PCR-Multiplex Real Time Fluorescent Detection (Atila BioSystems, Mountain View, CA, USA) Low 712 27% 24% Yes Yes Yes
Latin America and the Caribbean
Brazil Rosenblatt et al (2004)67 1999–2001 Partners of women screened for cervical cancer Cross-sectional NR Convenience Foreskin, shaft, dorsal and ventral prebalanic area, and urethra Hybrid Capture 2, for high-risk and low-risk HPV types (Digene, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) Low 60 15% 15% Yes No No
Brazil Benzaken et al (2012)32* 2009 Community Cross-sectional 15 to 64 Convenience Urethra Hybrid Capture 2, for high-risk HPV types (Digene, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) High 278 14% 14% Yes Yes No
Brazil Afonso et al (2013)26 2000–10 Partners of women screened for cervical cancer Cross-sectional 18 to 51 Convenience Penile scrape PCR-MY09/11 type-specific E6 Low 60 17% NR Yes No No
Brazil Menezes et al (2014)58 2011–14 Asymptomatic men from an STI clinic, a dermatology clinic, and a metallurgical factory Cross-sectional 18 to 65 Convenience Glans, corona, and foreskin PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism High 550 22% 10% Yes No Yes
Brazil Afonso et al (2016)27* 2010–11 Asymptomatic men having laboratory tests done Cross-sectional 1867 Convenience Glans, corona, and frenulum PCR-MY09/11 type-specific E6 High 110 16% 4% Yes No Yes
Brazil Sudenga et al (2017)73* 2005–09 Community (HPV in Men study [HIM]) Cross-sectional 18 to 70 Baseline Glans, corona, shaft, and scrotum PCR-L1 consensus and Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) Low 1398 60% 34% Yes Yes Yes
Brazil Wendland et al (2020)87* 2016–17 Young people who use public health system Cross-sectional 15 to 25 Convenience Glans, corona, shaft, and scrotum PCR-L1 consensus and Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) Low 1120 53% 29% Yes Yes Yes
Chile Guzmán et al (2008)40 No data University students Cross-sectional 20 to 51 Convenience Corona and shaft PCR-GP5+/6+ and reverse line blot Low 61 84% 75% Yes No Yes
Mexico Lazcano-Ponce et al (2001)52 1998 University students and industry workers Cross-sectional 14 to 55 Convenience Corona and urethra PCR-GP5+/6+ Low 96 43% 20% Yes No No
Mexico Sánchez-Alemán et al (2002)69 2000–01 University students Cross-sectional ≥16 Convenience Glans, corona, and foreskin Hybrid Capture 2, for high-risk HPV types (Digene, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) Low 71 9% 9% Yes Yes No
Mexico Lajous et al (2005)51* 2000–03 Military Cross-sectional 16 to 40 Convenience Corona, shaft, scrotum, and urethra PCR strip assay using the reverse line blot Low 1045 43% 32% Yes Yes Yes
Mexico Vaccarella et al (2006)78 2003–04 Men seeking vasectomy Cross-sectional 15 to 65 Convenience Glans, corona, foreskin, shaft, scrotum, and urethra PCR-L1 consensus Low 779 9% 6% Yes Yes Yes
Mexico Parada et al (2010)64* 2002–03 Partners of women attending a primary health centre Cross-sectional 18 to 75 Convenience Foreskin, shaft, scrotum, and urethra PCR-L1 consensus and reverse line blot Low 504 20% 8% Yes Yes Yes
Mexico Vera-Uehara et al (2014)82 2002–03 University students Cross-sectional ≥18 Convenience Penis, glans, and corona PCR-MY09/MY11 and Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) Low 253 19% 17% Yes Yes Yes
Mexico Sudenga et al (2017)73* 2005–09 Community (HPV in Men study [HIM]) Cross-sectional 18 to 70 Baseline Glans, corona, shaft, and scrotum PCR-L1 consensus and Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) Low 1342 50% 27% Yes Yes Yes
Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru Vardas et al (2011)80 2004–08 Community (baseline data of men participating in the Gardasil trial) Cross-sectional 16 to 24 Convenience Penile, scrotum, and perineal or perianal areas PCR-Multiplex Real Time Fluorescent Detection (Atila BioSystems, Mountain View, CA, USA) Low 1301 29% 26% Yes Yes Yes
Sub-Saharan Africa
Botswana Ramogola-Masire et al (2022)66* 2019–21 Men without HIV infection from the University of Botswana Cross-sectional 18 to 22 Convenience Penile, shaft, glans, and foreskin PCR real-time Anyplex II HPV28 assay (Seegene, Seoul, South Korea) Low 493 31% 24% Yes Yes Yes
Kenya Ng'ayo et al (2008)60* 2005 Fishermen from the community Cross-sectional 18 to 68 Population-based Glans, corona, shaft, scrotum, and perianal region PCR-MY09/MY11/HMB01 and Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) Low 186 53% 32% Yes Yes Yes
Kenya Rositch et al (2012)68 2002–05 Community (circumcision trial) Cross-sectional 17 to 28 Population-based Glans, corona, foreskin, and shaft PCR-GP5+/6+ and reverse line blot hybridisation Low 2702 51% 35% Yes No Yes
Mozambique Edna Omar et al (2017)36 2009–11 Young people attending a youth clinic Cross-sectional 18 to 24 Convenience Urethra PCR-Clart HPV 2 (Genomica, Madrid, Spain) High 176 10% 6% Yes Yes Yes
Rwanda Veldhuijzen et al (2012)81* 2007–09 Control group in an infertility study Case-control 21 to 57 Convenience Glans, corona, foreskin, shaft, and scrotum PCR Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) Low 166 43% 27% Yes Yes Yes
South Africa Mbulawa et al (2010)57* 2006–09 Couples studies Cross-sectional 19 to 67 Convenience Glans, foreskin, and shaft PCR Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) High 313 51% 25% Yes Yes Yes
South Africa Auvert et al (2010)29 2005–06 Community (circumcision trial) Cross-sectional 18 to 24 Population-based Urethra PCR Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) Low 1683 19% 17% Yes Yes Yes
South Africa Vardas et al (2011)80 2004–08 Community (baseline data of men participating in the Gardasil trial) Cross-sectional 16 to 24 Convenience Penile, scrotal, and perineal or perianal areas PCR-Multiplex Real Time Fluorescent Detection (Atila BioSystems, Mountain View, CA, USA) Low 518 42% 36% Yes Yes Yes
Tanzania Olesen et al (2013)63* 2009 Urban and rural community Cross-sectional 16 to 65 Convenience Glans, corona, and shaft Hybrid Capture 2 HPV DNA Test, for high-risk and low-risk HPV types (Qiagen Gaithersburg, MD, USA) and INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping Extra II (Fujirebio, Gent, Belgium) Low 1343 20% 15% Yes Yes Yes
Uganda Tobian et al (2013)77 2003–06 Community (circumcision trial) Cross-sectional 15 to 49 Population-based Glans and corona PCR Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) Low 978 61% 39% Yes Yes Yes

HPV=human papillomavirus. HR-HPV=high-risk HPV. NR=not reported. STI=sexually transmitted infection.

*

Authors provided additional information.

†

Data were reported from men younger than 30 years, men aged 30–49 years, and men aged 50 years or older; the full range of ages included was not reported.

‡

To exclude HPV-vaccinated cohorts, only data for people aged 20–59 years were considered.