Table 1.

The antitumor effects of PA.

Mechanism	Cell/tissue type	Dose/concentration	Target	Reference
Proliferation	PC3、DU145	5, 10 and 15 μM	pRb、cyclin D1	(29)
	SH-SY5Y	0.3 mM	PKC	(21)
	MGC-803、BGC-823 and SGC-7901	75-150μM	p-STAT3、p-JAK2	(33)
	PC3、DU145	5, 10 and 15 μM	PI3K-P110α and PI3K-P110β	(29)
	HepG2	0.2-0.8mM	miR-221、PI3K/AKT	(36)
	MSN	100、200、500 µM	PI3K/AKT、mTOR	(44)
	CT-26	5、10μM	STAT3-NF-κB-IL-10	(44)
Apoptosis	HCT116	116、500μM	p53、p21 and Sesn2	(52)
	HepG2	2.0mM	USP7、P53、AIF	(53)
	hOSCC	10 µg/mL	Bax/Bcl-2	(55)
	LNC	500μM	caspase-3\MAPK	(56)
	SH-SY5Y	0.3 mM	translation inhibition factor 2α	(33)
	MM	0–1000 μM	ER stress	(49)
	SKBR3、BT474	3.2mM	(IRE1)/X-box	(29)
	HCT116	116、500μM	ROS、NAC、GSH	(52)
	B16-F10	25 μM	ROS	(65)
	RINm5F	10 mmol/L	ROS	(66)
Metastasis	PC3、DU145	5, 10 and 15 μM	E-cadherin	(29)
	M2 macrophage	5、10μM	STAT3-NF-κB-IL-10	(56)
	4T1	30μM	Vimentin、Nfkb1、Snai and Stat3	(72)
	GCIY-eGFP	50mM	VEGF	(86)
Metabolic reprogramming	BGC-823、HGC-27	50、100、200 µM	membrane fluidity and glucose metabolism	(73)
	AGS、MGC-803	5, 10 and 15 μM	SCD1、FASN、ELOVL6	(74)
Autophagy	Saos-2	0-800μM	Caspase、BAX	(94)