Fig. 3.

Schematic representation and molecular regulatory network of de novo root organogenesis. a Schematic representation of de novo root organogenesis. First, leaf explants have to eliminate leaf characteristics. Then, adventitious roots are induced directly or indirectly through de novo root organogenesis. In indirect induction, the non-embryonic callus is induced on the callus-inducing medium (CIM), and these cells then develop into adventitious roots on the root-inducing medium (RIM). b Molecular regulatory network of de novo root organogenesis. Developmental regulatory genes are in yellow; hormone biosynthesis- and signaling-related genes are in green and epigenetic modification-related genes are in blue. Symbols of the sun and the moon represent light and dark conditions, respectively. Arrows and bar-head arrows represent activation and repression, respectively (color figure online)