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. 2023 Jun 14;42(9):1395–1417. doi: 10.1007/s00299-023-03037-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Schematic illustration of nanoparticle (NP) structures and NP-mediated nucleic acid and protein delivery into plant leaf cells. Au-MSNs gold-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles, CPP-MCs cell-penetrating peptide-displaying micelle complexes, CPP/CTP-MCs combined CPP-MCs and chloroplast-targeting peptide-displaying MCs, CS-SWNTs chitosan-complexed single-walled carbon nanotubes, PEI-AuNCs Polyethylenimine-functionalized gold nanoclusters, PEI-CDs PEI-functionalized carbon dots, PEI/PEG-GONs PEI/polyethylene glycol (polymer)-functionalized graphene oxide nanoparticles, PEI-SWNTs PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes, RISC RNA-induced silencing complex, SWNTs single-walled carbon nanotubes