Table 1.

Summary of developmental regulatory genes applied to plant transformation

No.	Gene expression cassette	Agrobacterium strains	Transformed species	Explant	Regeneration	Regenerated plant	Transform efficiency increases	Transgene excision	Abnormal phenotype	References
1	35S:CcSERK1	LBA4404	Coffea canephora	Leaf	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	No	Perez-Pascual et al. (2018)
2	35S:AtSERK1	C58C1	Arabidopsis thaliana	Flower bud	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	No	Hecht et al. (2001)
3	35S:OsSERK1	EHA105	Oryza sativa	Callus	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	No	Hu et al. (2005)
4	pER8:AtESR1	EHA105	Arabidopsis thaliana	Root	Organogenesis	Yes	↑	No	No	Banno et al. (2001)
5	35S:AtPLT5	GV3101	Antirrhinum majus	Mature plant	Organogenesis	Yes	↑	No	Yes	Lian et al. (2022)
	35S:AtPLT5	GV3101	Brassica rapa	Cotyledon	Organogenesis	Yes	↑	No	Yes
6	35S:AtCUC1, CUC2	MP90	Arabidopsis thaliana	Callus	Organogenesis	Yes	↑	No	Yes	Daimon et al. (2003)
7	pER10:AtESR2	EHA105	Arabidopsis thaliana	Flower bud and Root	Organogenesis	Yes	↑	No	No	Ikeda et al. (2006)
8	AtMP:AtMPΔ	N.A	Arabidopsis thaliana	Root, Cotyledon, Leaf and Petiole	Organogenesis	Yes	N.A.	No	Yes	Ckurshumova et al. (2014) and Krogan et al. (2012)
9	35S:AtLEC1	GV3101	Arabidopsis thaliana	N.A	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	No	Lotan et al. (1998)
10	pER8:PaHAP3A	C58C1	Picea abies	Embryogenic culture	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	No	Uddenberg et al. (2016)
11	35S:CsL1L	EHA105	Citrus sinensis	Epicotyl and embryogenic callus	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	No	Zhu et al. (2014)
12	35S:TcLEC2-GR	AGL1	Theobroma cacao	Cotyledon	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	No	Shires et al. (2017)
13	pER8:AtLEC22	LBA4404	Nicotiana tabacum	Leaf	Organogenesis	Yes	N.A.	No	Yes	Rashid et al. (2007)
14	35S:AtAGL15	N.A	Arabidopsis thaliana	Cotyledon	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	No	Harding et al. (2003)
15	35S:GmAGL15	–	Glycine max	Cotyledon	Embryogenesis	Yes	N.A.	No	Yes	Thakare et al. (2008)
16	35S:GhAGL15s	LBA4404	Gossypium hirsutum	Hypocotyl	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	No	Yang et al. (2014)
17	Ubi:TaWOX5	C58C1	Triticum aestivum and Zea mays	Immature embryo	Organogenesis	Yes	↑	No	No	Wang et al. (2022a)
18	pER8:AtWOX2/8 pER8:AtWOX2/9	AGL1	Nicotiana tabacum	Leaf	Organogenesis	Yes	N.A.	No	Yes	Kyo et al. (2018)
19	35S:ZmKn1	LBA4404	Nicotiana tabacum	Leaf	Organogenesis	Yes	↑threefold	No	Yes	Luo et al. (2006)
20	35S:ZmKn1	EHA105	Citrus sinensis	Internodal stem	Organogenesis	Yes	↑3–15 fold	No	Yes	Hu et al. (2016)
21	35S:NtNTH1, 9, 15, 20, 22	LBA4404	Nicotiana tabacum	Leaf	Organogenesis	Yes	N.A.	No	Yes	Nishimura et al. (2000)
22	35S:BnBBM UBI:BnBBM	C58C1pMP90	Arabidopsis thaliana	N.A	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	Yes	Boutilier et al. (2002)
	35S:BnBBM UBI:BnBBM	C58C1pMP90	Brassica napus	Haploid microspore	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	Yes
23	35S:TcBBM	AGL1	Arabidopsis thaliana	Flower bud	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	Yes	Florez et al. (2015)
	35S:TcBBM	AGL1	Theobroma cacao	Cotyledon	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	Yes
24	35S:AtBBM 35S:BnBBM	C58C1	Nicotiana tabacum	Leaf	Organogenesis	Yes	N.A.	No	Yes	Srinivasan et al. (2007)
	35S:AtBBM-GR 35S:BnBBM-GR	C58C1	Nicotiana tabacum	Leaf	Organogenesis	Yes	N.A.	No	No
25	35S:BnBBM-GR	GV3101	Capsicum annuum	Cotyledon	Embryogenesis	Yes	↑	No	Yes	Heidmann et al. (2011)
26	35S:BBM-GR	N.A	Arabidopsis thaliana	Flower bud	Organogenesis	Yes	↑	No	No	Lutz et al. (2015)
27	AtHSP18.2:FLP-35S:BcBBM	LBA4404	Populus tomentosa	Leaf	Embryogenesis	Yes	↑	FRT/FLP	No	Deng et al. (2009)
28	pER10:AtWUS	C58C1	Coffea canephora	Leaf	Embryogenesis	Yes	N.A.	No	Yes	Arroyo-Herrera et al. (2008)
29	35S:AtWUS	N.A	Gossypium hirsutum	Hypocotyl	Embryogenesis	No	N.A.	No	Yes	Bouchabke-Coussa et al. (2013)
30	pER8:AtWUS	LBA4404	Nicotiana tabacum	Leaf	Organogenesis	Yes	N.A.	No	Yes	Rashid et al. (2007)
31	RAB17:CRE-Nos:ZmWUS2-Ubi:ZmBBM	LBA4404	Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Oryza sativa and Saccharum officinarum	Immature embryo, Mature Seed, Leaf and Callus	Embryogenesis	Yes	↑	Cre-loxP	No	Lowe et al. (2016)
32	RAB17:CRE-Nos:ZmWUS2-Ubi:ZmBBM	AGL1 EHA101	Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor	Immature embryo	Embryogenesis	Yes	↑	Cre-loxP	No	Mookkan et al. (2018, 2017)
33	ZmPLTP:ZmBBM-ZmAxig1:ZmWUS2	LBA4404	Zea mays	Immature embryo	Embryogenesis	Yes	8.7–96%	No	No	Lowe et al. (2018)
34	3 × ENH-ZmPLTP:ZmWUS2-Nos:ZmCRC	LBA4404	Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor	Immature embryo	Embryogenesis	Yes	↑	No	No	Che et al. (2022) and Hoerster et al. (2020)
35	ZmPLTP:ZmWUS2-ZmPLTP:ZmBBM	LBA4404	Sorghum bicolor	Immature embryo	Embryogenesis	Yes	↑	No	No	Aregawi et al. (2022)
36	HSP17:CRE-Nos:ZmWUS2-3 × ENH -Ubi:ZmBBM	LBA4404	Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor Eragrostis tef, Panicum virgatum, Cenchrus americanus, Setaria italica, Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare and Oryza sativa	Leaf	Embryogenesis	Yes	↑	Cre-loxP	No	Wang et al. (2023)
37	Nos:ZmWUS2 Ubi:IPT	N.A	Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum	Agro transient	Organogenesis	Yes	N.A.	No	No	Maher et al. (2020)
	Nos:ZmWUS2 Ubi:STM	N.A	Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum tuberosum and Vitis vinifera	Mature plant	Organogenesis	Yes	N.A.	No	No
38	2×35S:AtGRF5	AGL1	Beta vulgaris	Leaf	Organogenesis	Yes	↑sixfold	No	No	Kong et al. (2020)
	2×35S:BvGRF5-LIKE
	PcUbi4-2:BnGRF5-LIKE	SHA001	Brassica napus	Hypocotyl	Organogenesis	Yes	↑	No	No
	PcUbi4-2:GmGRF5-LIKE	SHA017	Glycine max	Primary node	Organogenesis	Yes	↑	No	No
	35S:AtGRF5	EHA105	Helianthus annuusl	Cotyledon	Organogenesis	Yes	↑	No	No
	35S:HaGRF5-LIKE
	BdEF1:AtGRF5	LBA4404	Zea mays	Immature embryo	Organogenesis	Yes	↑	No	No
	BdEF1:ZmGRF5-LIKE1
	BdEF1:ZmGRF5-LIKE2
39	ZmUbi:GRF4-GIF1	EHA105	Triticum aestivum	Immature embryo	Organogenesis	Yes	↑7.8-fold	No	No	Debernardi et al. (2020)
	ZmUbi:GRF4-GIF1	EHA105	Oryza sativa	Callus	Organogenesis	Yes	↑2.1-fold	No	No
	35S:GRF4-GIF1	EHA105	Citrus sinensis	Etiolated Epicotyl	Organogenesis	Yes	↑4.7-fold	No	No
40	35S:GRF4-GIF1	EHA105	Citrullus lanatus	Cotyledon	Organogenesis	Yes	↑ninefold	No	No	Feng et al. (2021)
41	UBQ10:AtGRF5	GV3101	Citrullus lanatus	Cotyledon	Organogenesis	Yes	↑40-fold	No	No	Pan et al. (2022b)

N.A., not applicable; “↑” represent increased transform efficiency