Table 4.
(A) Univariable and (B) multivariable multinomial regression analyses using early and current life factors to associate with different spirometry phenotypes in the preterm population only
| (A) | |||||
| Univariable multinomial regression | POLD-reversible | POLD-fixed | pPRISm | pDysanapsis | |
| Sex | Beta (SE) | −0.56 (0.43) | −0.052 (0.48) | 0.24 (0.31) | 0.073 (0.37) |
| Female=ref | OR | 0.57 | 0.95 | 1.27 | 1.08 |
| (95% CI) | 0.24 to 1.33 | 0.37 to 2.44 | 0.70 to 2.30 | 0.52 to 2.21 | |
| P value | 0.19 | 0.91 | 0.44 | 0.84 | |
| IUGR | Beta (SE) | 1.52 (0.45) | 0.77 (0.59) | 0.24 (0.44) | 0.75 (0.45) |
| No IUGR=ref | OR | 4.56 | 2.17 | 1.27 | 2.13 |
| (95% CI) | 1.89 to 10.96 | 0.69 to 6.85 | 0.54 to 2.97 | 0.87 to 5.17 | |
| P value | 0.0007 | 0.187 | 0.589 | 0.097 | |
| BPD | Beta (SE) | 1.21 (0.43) | 1.32 (0.49) | 0.420 (0.36) | −0.40 (0.55) |
| No BPD=ref | OR | 3.35 | 3.75 | 1.52 | 0.67 |
| (95% CI) | 1.43 to 7.83 | 1.43 to 9.83 | 0.76 to 3.06 | 0.23 to 1.97 | |
| P value | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.24 | 0.46 | |
| WIMD Quintile 2019 (ref=1—highest) | |||||
| Fifth—lowest | Beta (SE) | −1.01 (0.75) | 0.76 (0.82) | 0.063 (0.47) | 0.60 (0.68) |
| OR | 0.37 | 2.1 | 1.07 | 1.83 | |
| (95% CI) | 0.085 to 1.58 | 0.43 to 10.55 | 0.43 to 2.67 | 0.48 to 6.97 | |
| P value | 0.177 | 0.354 | 0.89 | 0.378 | |
| Fourth | Beta (SE) | −0.024 (0.63) | 0.2 (0.93) | −0.088 (0.51) | 0.31 (0.75) |
| OR | 0.98 | 1.22 | 0.92 | 1.36 | |
| (95% CI) | 0.29 to 3.34 | 0.20 to 7.51 | 0.34 to 2.50 | 0.31 to 5.88 | |
| P value | 0.97 | 0.83 | 0.863 | 0.683 | |
| Third | Beta (SE) | 0.14 (0.63) | 0.65 (0.88) | 0.36 (0.49) | 0.25 (0.78) |
| OR | 1.15 | 1.92 | 1.44 | 1.28 | |
| (95% CI) | 0.34 to 3.94 | 0.34 to 10.80 | 0.56 to 3.73 | 0.28 to 5.92 | |
| P value | 0.823 | 0.46 | 0.455 | 0.753 | |
| Second | Beta (SE) | −0.32 (0.69) | −0.095 (1.01) | −0.38 (0.57) | 1.20 (0.67) |
| OR | 0.73 | 0.91 | 0.68 | 3.33 | |
| (95% CI) | 0.19 to 2.82 | 0.13 to 6.63 | 0.23 to 2.06 | 0.89 to 12.44 | |
| P value | 0.645 | 0.925 | 0.498 | 0.073 | |
| Antenatal maternal smoking | Beta (SE) | −0.37 (0.75) | −0.053 (0.77) | −0.13 (0.50) | 0.42 (0.51) |
| No smoking=ref | OR | 0.69 | 0.95 | 0.88 | 1.52 |
| (95% CI) | 0.16 to 3.02 | 0.21 to 4.25 | 0.33 to 2.34 | 0.55 to 4.15 | |
| P value | 0.622 | 0.944 | 0.8 | 0.417 | |
| Weight change from birth to current weight | Beta (SE) | 0.10 (0.14) | −0.004 (0.16) | 0.08 (0.10) | 0.32 (0.13) |
| OR | 1.1 | 1 | 1.08 | 1.37 | |
| (95% CI) | 0.83 to 1.46 | 0.73 to 1.36 | 0.88 to 1.32 | 1.07 to 1.76 | |
| P value | 0.488 | 0.982 | 0.452 | 0.013 | |
| BMI z-score | Beta (SE) | −0.24 (0.17) | −0.16 (0.20) | −0.23 (0.13) | 0.21 (0.15) |
| OR | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.79 | 1.23 | |
| (95% CI) | 0.56 to 1.11 | 0.58 to 1.26 | 0.62 to 1.01 | 0.92 to 1.64 | |
| P value | 0.17 | 0.42 | 0.064 | 0.17 | |
| (B) | |||
| Multivariable multinomial regression | POLD-reversible | pDysanapsis | |
| BPD | Beta (SE) | 1.09 (0.44) | −0.40 (0.55) |
| No BPD=ref | OR | 3 | 0.67 |
| (95% CI) | 1.24 to 7.07 | 0.23 to 1.99 | |
| P value | 0.015 | 0.471 | |
| IUGR | Beta (SE) | 1.56 (0.52) | 0.31 (0.51) |
| No IUGR=ref | OR | 4.74 | 1.37 |
| (95% CI) | 1.70 to 13.22 | 0.51 to 3.70 | |
| P value | 0.003 | 0.537 | |
| Weight change from birth to current weight | Beta (SE) | −0.089 (0.16) | 0.293 (0.145) |
| OR | 0.91 | 1.34 | |
| (95% CI) | 0.67 to 1.26 | 1.01 to 1.79 | |
| P value | 0.58 | 0.043 | |
Reference is the preterm control population.
BMI, body mass index; BPD, bronchopulmonary dysplasia; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; pDysanapsis, dysanapsis of prematurity; POLD, prematurity-associated obstructive lung disease; pPRISm, prematurity-associated PRISm; WIMD, Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation.