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. 2023 Aug 23;13:13744. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40930-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of CAR on chondrocyte viability and ability to produce type II collagen in normal or iron-overloaded chondrocytes. (a) Chemical structure of Cardamonin. (b,c) Changes in chondrocyte viability after CAR intervention at concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 μm, with or without 100 μm FAC. (e,f) Chondrocytes were treated with 100 μm FAC and co-cultured with 0, 2.5, and 5 µM CAR to verify COL2, and MMP3 protein levels using protein blotting. Statistical results are shown in the bar graph. The results indicate that CAR reduced FAC-induced chondrocyte damage in a concentration-dependent manner. (d) The ability to synthesize type II collagen was measured using toluidine blue, the darker the color, the greater the ability. (g) The fluorescence intensity of ROS was analyzed by flow cytometry. (h) The fluorescence microscope images of ROS (data are presented as standard deviation ± mean; # P < 0.0001, *** P < 0.001, ** P < 0.01, * P < 0.05 vs. Mod).