Table 3.

Evidence synthesis: Antenatal interventions that may reduce the risk of LBW, PTB, SGA, or stillbirth.

Possible positive effect1	Birth outcome	Relative risk2	Quality of evidence4
Provision of insecticide-treated bed nets in pregnancy	LBW	0.80 [0.64, 1.00] (N=3506)3	Moderate
Treatment of documented periodontal disease during pregnancy	LBW	0.67 [0.48, 0.95] (N=3470)	Low
Screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy	LBW	0.64 [0.45, 0.93] (N=1437)	Low
	PTB	0.34 [0.13, 0.88] (N=327)
Dietary education of pregnant women with undernutrition	LBW	0.46 [0.27, 0.79] (N=3440)3	Low
Dietary supplementation with high dose calcium	LBW	0.85 [0.72, 1.01] (N=14883)	Low
	PTB	0.76 [0.60, 0.97] (N=15275)
Professionally provided psychosocial support for women at risk of giving birth to LBW or preterm infant	PTB	0.91 [0.83, 1.00] (N=11036)	Moderate
Progesterone supplementation for women at increased risk of PTB	PTB	0.69 [0.53, 0.87] (N=3706)	Low
Bedrest among women at risk for preterm delivery	LBW	0.92 [0.85, 1.00] (N=1837) 3	Moderate

¹Possible positive effect: The intervention may reduce the risk of selected birth outcome. a. At least two RCTs included in a meta-analysis or IPD analysis, 95% CI of the point estimate of the RR is entirely below 1, but there is concern about the quality of the data, or b. at least two moderate-to-high quality RCTs included in a meta-analysis or IPD analysis, 95% CI of the point estimate of the RR includes 1 but 90% CI of the point estimate of the RR is entirely below 1, or One moderate-to-high quality RCT, 95% CI of the point estimate of the RR is entirely below 1.

²Relative risk [95 % confidence interval] (number of participants).

³The proportion of studies coming from Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia is 50% or higher.

⁴The quality of evidence is based on GRADE or equivalent assessment for Cochrane reviews and on risk of bias assessment for de novo appraisal of RCTs, detailed in Supplementary Material, Section F: Assessment of quality of evidence