TABLE 2.
Plasma n-3 PUFA, and urinary flavonoids at baseline and in response to intervention
| 0 mo | 3 mo | 12 mo | P_group | P_time | P_group×time | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LPC AA (μg/mL) | ||||||
| Control (n = 62) | 7.84 (7.88) | 7.85 (7.67) | 7.82 (7.23) | <0.001 | 0.857 | 0.348 |
| OM3FLAV (n = 59) | 7.66 (6.62) | 6.73 (6.19) | 6.27 (5.01) | |||
| LPC EPA (μg/mL) | ||||||
| Control (n = 62) | 2.63 (2.803) | 2.71 (2.75) | 2.72 (2.82) | <0.001 | 0.320 | 0.502 |
| OM3FLAV (n = 59) | 2.62 (2.80) | 3.56 (3.35) | 3.43 (2.81) | |||
| LPC DHA (μg/mL) | ||||||
| Control (n = 62) | 1.72 (1.70) | 1.78 (1.91) | 1.78 (1.78) | <0.001 | 0.632 | 0.757 |
| OM3FLAV (n = 59) | 1.75 (1.52) | 3.48 (3.24) | 3.37 (2.75) | |||
| PC 36:5 (μg/mL) | ||||||
| Control (n = 98) | 50.9 (19.4) | 51.4 (16.7) | 51.6 (15.9) | <0.001 | 0.157 | 0.789 |
| OM3FLAV (n = 89) | 53.2 (20.1) | 102.1 (16.7) | 102.8 (29.7) | |||
| PC 38:6 (μg/mL) | ||||||
| Control (n = 98) | 69.6 (15.5) | 68.1 (15.0) | 67.5 (13.5) | <0.001 | 0.810 | 0.658 |
| OM3FLAV (n = 89) | 69.7 (14.8) | 124.3 (21.7) | 124.7 (24.2) | |||
| PC 40:6 (μg/mL) | ||||||
| Control (n = 98) | 18.2 (4.9) | 17.9 (5.0) | 17.7 (4.4) | <0.001 | 0.677 | 0.198 |
| OM3FLAV (n = 89) | 17.9 (4.4) | 37.7 (7.6) | 38.5 (8.3) | |||
| 5-(Phenyl)-γ-valerolactone-3'-sulfate (nmol) | ||||||
| Control (n = 100) | 4.1 (32.7) | 5.5 (31.7) | 4.9 (19.2) | <0.001 | 0.689 | 0.073 |
| OM3FLAV (n = 92) | 3.91 (6.1) | 39.9 (56.3) | 29.9 (48.3) | |||
| 5-(3'-Hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-4'-O-glucuronide (nmol) | ||||||
| Control (n = 99) | 12.2 (33.6) | 14.0 (32.5) | 10.6 (20.3) | <0.001 | 0.568 | 0.523 |
| OM3FLAV (n = 89) | 10.8 (33.3) | 74.7 (111.4) | 78.8 (140.3) | |||
Data are mean (SD); ANCOVA using mixed models for repeated measures, with change from baseline (i.e. 3 mo-0 mo and 12 mo-0 mo) fitted as a fixed repeated factor (2 levels: 3 and 12 mo), and center, age, sex and BMI added as covariates.
LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; PC, phosphatidylcholine, PC.36:5 (16:0/20:5, 16:1/20:4, 18:2/18:3), PC.38:6 (16:0/22:6, 18:1/20:5, 18:2/20:4), PC.40:6 (18:0/22:6, 18:1/22:5, 18:2/22:4, 20:2/20:4); OM3FLAV, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA+DHA; OM3) + cocoa flavan-3-ols (FLAV).