Skip to main content
. 2023 Jun 12;118(2):369–381. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.06.008

TABLE 2.

Plasma n-3 PUFA, and urinary flavonoids at baseline and in response to intervention

0 mo 3 mo 12 mo P_group P_time P_group×time
LPC AA (μg/mL)
 Control (n = 62) 7.84 (7.88) 7.85 (7.67) 7.82 (7.23) <0.001 0.857 0.348
 OM3FLAV (n = 59) 7.66 (6.62) 6.73 (6.19) 6.27 (5.01)
LPC EPA (μg/mL)
 Control (n = 62) 2.63 (2.803) 2.71 (2.75) 2.72 (2.82) <0.001 0.320 0.502
 OM3FLAV (n = 59) 2.62 (2.80) 3.56 (3.35) 3.43 (2.81)
LPC DHA (μg/mL)
 Control (n = 62) 1.72 (1.70) 1.78 (1.91) 1.78 (1.78) <0.001 0.632 0.757
 OM3FLAV (n = 59) 1.75 (1.52) 3.48 (3.24) 3.37 (2.75)
PC 36:5 (μg/mL)
 Control (n = 98) 50.9 (19.4) 51.4 (16.7) 51.6 (15.9) <0.001 0.157 0.789
 OM3FLAV (n = 89) 53.2 (20.1) 102.1 (16.7) 102.8 (29.7)
PC 38:6 (μg/mL)
 Control (n = 98) 69.6 (15.5) 68.1 (15.0) 67.5 (13.5) <0.001 0.810 0.658
 OM3FLAV (n = 89) 69.7 (14.8) 124.3 (21.7) 124.7 (24.2)
PC 40:6 (μg/mL)
 Control (n = 98) 18.2 (4.9) 17.9 (5.0) 17.7 (4.4) <0.001 0.677 0.198
 OM3FLAV (n = 89) 17.9 (4.4) 37.7 (7.6) 38.5 (8.3)
5-(Phenyl)-γ-valerolactone-3'-sulfate (nmol)
 Control (n = 100) 4.1 (32.7) 5.5 (31.7) 4.9 (19.2) <0.001 0.689 0.073
 OM3FLAV (n = 92) 3.91 (6.1) 39.9 (56.3) 29.9 (48.3)
5-(3'-Hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-4'-O-glucuronide (nmol)
 Control (n = 99) 12.2 (33.6) 14.0 (32.5) 10.6 (20.3) <0.001 0.568 0.523
 OM3FLAV (n = 89) 10.8 (33.3) 74.7 (111.4) 78.8 (140.3)

Data are mean (SD); ANCOVA using mixed models for repeated measures, with change from baseline (i.e. 3 mo-0 mo and 12 mo-0 mo) fitted as a fixed repeated factor (2 levels: 3 and 12 mo), and center, age, sex and BMI added as covariates.

LPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; PC, phosphatidylcholine, PC.36:5 (16:0/20:5, 16:1/20:4, 18:2/18:3), PC.38:6 (16:0/22:6, 18:1/20:5, 18:2/20:4), PC.40:6 (18:0/22:6, 18:1/22:5, 18:2/22:4, 20:2/20:4); OM3FLAV, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA+DHA; OM3) + cocoa flavan-3-ols (FLAV).