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. 2023 Aug 23;13:13781. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40739-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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During the probe trial, i.e., after CS–US conditioning, ram cichlids spend significantly more time in the end-zone of the arm of a plus maze marked by the CS (green colour) compared to how much time they spend on average in the (non-marked) end-zones of the other three arms (A). Ram cichlids also spend significantly more time in the CS (green) marked end-zone during the probe trial, i.e., after training, compared to how much time they spend in the green-marked end-zone during the colour choice trial (B). Means ± S.E.M. are shown. Significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences are indicated by **. Note that during the probe trial, US (food) is absent, and only the CS (green cue) is presented. For detailed statistical analysis results, see “Results”.