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. 2023 Jul 28;70(9):1516–1526. doi: 10.1007/s12630-023-02539-7

Table 1.

Demographic data

Characteristics No tracheostomy
N = 609
Tracheostomy
N = 374
P value Early tracheostomy
N = 141
Late tracheostomy
N = 233
P value Overall
N = 983
Age (yr), median [IQR] 56 [35–69] 47 [28–60]  < 0.001 46 [29–60] 48 [28–60] 0.81 52 [32–67]
Age categories (yr), n/total N (%)
 < 55 289/609 (47.5%) 239/374 (63.9%)  < 0.001 90/141 (63.8%) 149/233 (63.9%) 0.99 528/983 (53.7%)
 55–64 117/609 (19.2%) 65/374 (17.4%) 25/141 (17.7%) 40/233 (17.2%) 182/983 (18.5%)
 65–74 107/609 (17.6%) 32/374 (8.6%) 13/141 (9.2%) 19/233 (8.1%) 139/983 (14.1%)
 75–84 75/609 (12.3%) 32/374 (8.6%) 11/141 (7.8%) 21/233 (9.0%) 107/983 (10.9%)
 ≥ 85 21/609 (3.4%) 6/374 (1.6%) 2/141 (1.4%) 4/233 (1.7%) 27/983 (2.7%)
Female sex, n/total N (%) 155/609 (25.5%) 81/374 (21.7%) 0.18 32/141 (22.7%) 49/233 (21.0%) 0.71 236/983 (24.0%)
Comorbidities, n/total N (%)
 Cirrhosis 15/609 (2.5%) 5/374 (1.3%) 0.22 3/141 (2.1%) 2/233 (0.9%) 0.37* 20/983 (2.0%)
 Renal insufficiency 10/609 (1.6%) 4/374 (1.1%) 0.46 2/141 (1.4%) 2/233 (0.9%) 0.63* 14/983 (1.4%)
 Diabetes 103/609 (16.9%) 45/374 (12.0%) 0.04 14/141 (9.9%) 31/233 (13.3%) 0.33 148/983 (15.1%)
 Cardiac 74/609 (12.2%) 26/374 (6.9%) 0.01 9/141 (6.4%) 17/233 (7.3%) 0.74 100/983 (10.2%)
 Pulmonary 60/609 (9.9%) 32/374 (8.6%) 0.50 8/141 (5.7%) 24/233 (10.3%) 0.12 92/983 (9.4%)
 Neurologic 18/609 (2.9%) 7/374 (1.9%) 0.29 3/141 (2.1%) 4/233 (1.7%) 1.00* 25/983 (2.5%)
 HIV 2/609 (0.3%) 1/374 (0.3%) 1.00* 0/141 (0.0%) 1/233 (0.4%) 1.00* 3/983 (0.3%)
 Hypotension 27/609 (4.5%) 15/374 (4.1%) 0.75 5/141 (3.6%) 10/233 (4.4%) 0.72 42/983 (4.3%)
 Hypoxemia 9/609 (1.5%) 6/374 (1.7%) 0.87 0/141 (0.0%) 6/233 (2.6%) 0.09 15/983 (1.6%)
TBI severity, n/total N (%)
 GCS, median [IQR] 6 [3–7] 6 [3–8] 0.90 6 [3–8] 5 [3–7]  < 0.001 6 [3–8]
 ≤ 8 498/609 (81.8%) 309/374 (82.6%) 0.74 109/141 (77.3%) 200/233 (85.8%) 0.03 807/983 (82.1%)
 9–12 111/609 (18.2%) 65/374 (17.4%) 32/141 (22.7%) 33/233 (14.2%) 176/983 (17.9%)
Mechanism of injury, n/total N (%)
 MVC 275/609 (45.2%) 195/374 (52.1%)  < 0.001 66/141 (46.8%) 129/233 (55.4%) 0.17 470/983 (47.8%)
 Fall from own height 79/609 (13.0%) 18/374 (4.8%) 8/141 (5.7%) 10/233 (4.3%) 97/983 (9.9%)
 Fall more than own height 157/609 (25.8%) 71/374 (19.0%) 25/141 (17.7%) 46/233 (19.7%) 228/983 (23.2%)
 Penetrating 11/609 (1.8%) 11/374 (2.9%) 7/141 (5.0%) 4/233 (1.7%) 22/983 (2.2%)
 Other blunt 87/609 (14.3%) 79/374 (21.1%) 35/141 (24.8%) 44/233 (18.9%) 166/983 (16.9%)
Cranial injury AIS severity, n/total N (%)
 ≤ 2 35/609 (5.8%) 10/374 (2.7%) 0.003 2/141 (1.4%) 8/233 (3.4%) 0.11 45/983 (4.6%)
 3 123/609 (20.2%) 55/374 (14.7%) 27/141 (19.2%) 28/233 (12.0%) 178/983 (18.1%)
 4 115/609 (18.9%) 61/374 (16.3%) 26/141 (18.4%) 35/233 (15.0%) 176/983 (17.9%)
 ≥ 5 336/609 (55.2%) 248/374 (66.3%) 86/141 (61.0%) 162/233 (69.5%) 584/983 (59.4%)
Extracranial injury (AIS ≥ 3), n/total N (%)
 Facial/neck 44/609 (7.2%) 48/374 (12.8%) 0.003 31/141 (22.0%) 17/233 (7.3%)  < 0.001 92/983 (9.4%)
 Thoracic/abdominal 234/609 (38.4%) 182/374 (48.7%) 0.002 65/141 (46.1%) 117/233 (50.2%) 0.44 416/983 (42.3%)
 Spine 50/609 (8.2%) 48/374 (12.8%) 0.02 18/141 (12.8%) 30/233 (12.9%) 0.98 98/983 (10.0%)
 Upper/lower extremities 88/609 (14.4%) 63/374 (16.8%) 0.31 22/141 (15.6%) 41/233 (17.6%) 0.62 151/983 (15.4%)
 Others 6/609 (1.0%) 1/374 (0.3%) 0.26* 0/141 (0.0%) 1/233 (0.4%) 1.00* 7/983 (0.7%)
Intracranial bleed, n/total N (%)
 SAH 408/609 (67.0%) 277/374 (74.1%) 0.02 104/141 (73.8%) 173/233 (74.2%) 0.92 685/983 (69.7%)
 SDH 413/609 (67.8%) 270/374 (72.2%) 0.15 102/141 (72.3%) 168/233 (72.1%) 0.96 683/983 (69.5%)
 EDH 73/609 (12.0%) 50/374 (13.4%) 0.52 20/141 (14.2%) 30/233 (12.9%) 0.72 123/983 (12.5%)
 Cerebral edema 197/609 (32.3%) 140/374 (37.4%) 0.10 50/141 (35.5%) 90/233 (38.6%) 0.54 337/983 (34.3%)
 Diffuse cerebral injury 167/609 (27.4%) 158/374 (42.2%)  < 0.001 52/141 (36.9%) 106/233 (45.5%) 0.10 325/983 (33.1%)
Surgery, n/total N (%)
 None 85/609 (14.0%) 18/374 (4.8%)  < 0.001 3/141 (2.1%) 15/233 (6.4%) 0.04 103/983 (10.5%)
 Cranial 347/609 (57.0%) 220/374 (58.8%) 78/141 (55.3%) 142/233 (61.0%) 567/983 (57.7%)
 Extracranial 177/609 (29.0%) 136/374 (36.4%) 60/141 (42.6%) 76/233 (32.6%) 313/983 (31.8%)

*Fisher’ exact test

AIS = abbreviated injury scale; EDH = epidural hematoma; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; IQR = interquartile range; MVC = motor vehicle collision; SAH = subarachnoid hemorrhage; SDH = subdural hematoma; TBI = traumatic brain injury