TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics of infants and toddlers from a nationally representative United States sample
| Characteristic | Infants aged 6–11 mo | Toddlers aged 12–23 mo | Aged 6–23 mo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 510 | 630 | 1140 |
| Sex, (%) | |||
| Male | 265 (55) | 346 (56) | 611 (55) |
| Female | 245 (45) | 284 (44) | 529 (45) |
| Race and Hispanic origin, (%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 192 (52) | 210 (50) | 402 (50) |
| Hispanic | 177 (25) | 184 (27) | 361 (26) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 82 (13) | 136 (12) | 218 (12) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 21 (3) | 38 (4) | 59 (4) |
| PIR, (%) | |||
| ≤1.85 | 275 (48) | 326 (46) | 601 (46) |
| >1.85 | 191 (45) | 243 (46) | 434 (46) |
| Head of household education, (%) | |||
| <High school | 100 (16) | 133 (18) | 233 (17) |
| High school + some college | 285 (54) | 335 (52) | 620 (53) |
| College graduate and above | 102 (25) | 138 (26) | 240 (26) |
| Feeding status, (%) | |||
| Formula | 350 (64) | 59 (9) | 409 (28) |
| Human milk | 102 (24) | 61 (10) | 163 (14) |
An unweighted number of participants (weighted column percentage; unknown, unspecified, or subgroups with small sample sizes are not listed; thus, columns may not add ≤100%). Data source: United States CDC/NCHS, NHANES 2013–2018. Demographic information on infants and toddlers was provided by a parent or guardian during the household interview portion of data collection [[48], [49], [50]]. All estimates are deemed reliable according to the NCHS data standards, i.e., a relative SE (calculated by dividing the SE of the estimate by the estimate itself and multiplying by 100) <30% [51], unless otherwise noted. We also required reliable estimates to have ≥30 reports of each food or beverage (on the food code level) per stratum estimate. Participants were excluded from stratified analyses if the stratified covariate of interest had missing data. Formula-fed is defined as consumed formula, and no human milk, and human milk-fed is defined as consumed human milk and no formula. PIR, Poverty Income Ratio.