TABLE 2.
Baseline demographics based on metformin use in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study
| n (%) | Metformin user 308 (21.6) | No metformin 1120 (78.4) | P value1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y), median (min, max) | 59 (45, 75) | 56 (45, 75) | <0.012 |
| Male n (%) | 84 (27.3) | 337 (30.1) | <0.013 |
| Premenopausal with estrogen use n (%) | 26 (8.44) | 166 (14.8) | |
| Postmenopausal without estrogen use n (%) | 198 (64.3) | 617 (55.1) | |
| Education <8th grade n (%) | 165 (53.6) | 500 (44.8) | <0.013 |
| Education ≥8th grade n (%) | 143 (46.4) | 617 (55.2) | |
| Never smoker n (%) | 140 (45.5) | 503 (45.0) | 0.893 |
| Past and current smoke n (%) | 168 (54.6) | 614 (54.9) | |
| Alcohol intake never n (%) | 183 (60.4) | 600 (53.9) | <0.013 |
| Alcohol intake moderate n (%) | 108 (35.6) | 409 (36.8) | |
| Alcohol intake heavy n (%) | 12 (3.96) | 103 (9.3) | |
| Physical activity median (min, max) | 29.9 (25.2, 54.2) | 30.5 (24.3, 62.6) | <0.012 |
| BMI <25 n (%) | 28 (9.1) | 169 (15.1) | <0.013 |
| BMI ≥25 and <30 n (%) | 72 (23.4) | 353 (31.5) | |
| BMI ≥30 n (%) | 208 (67.5) | 598 (53.4) | |
| Hypertension n (%) | 266 (86.6) | 695 (62.6) | <0.014 |
| Stroke n (%) | 13 (4.25) | 41 (3.66) | 0.764 |
| Diabetes n (%) | 308 (100) | 251 (22.4) | <0.014 |
| Gastrointestinal disorders n (%) | 103 (33.7) | 350 (31.3) | 0.484 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) median (min, max) | 0.8 (0.4, 2.0) | 0.8 (0.4, 7.9) | 0.092 |
| CRP median (mg/L) (min, max) | 3.8 (0,127) | 3.5 (0, 67.8) | 0.292 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) median (min, max) | 165 (89, 355) | 187 (87, 375) | <0.012 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) median (min, max) | 136.5 (47, 587) | 99 (51, 519) | <0.012 |
| Proton pump inhibitor n (%) | 96 (31.2) | 265 (23.7) | <0.014 |
| Histamine 2 receptor antagonist n (%) | 30 (9.74) | 82 (7.32) | 0.194 |
| Multivitamin n (%) | 64 (20.8) | 215 (19.2) | 0.574 |
| ACE inhibitor 5n (%) | 36 (11.7) | 40 (3.57) | <0.014 |
| Plasma folate (ng/mL) | 41.3 (14.1, 109) | 38.5 (5.9, 199) | <0.012 |
| Plasma homocysteine (μmol/L) | 8.2 (3.5, 27.8) | 8.1 (3.9, 69.4) | 0.592 |
min, max, minimum, maximum.
1
Metformin user compared with never user.
2
Wilcox test.
3
Fisher's exact test.
4
χ2 test.
5
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)