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. 2023 Jun 3;153(8):2181–2192. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.003

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Volcano plot of mean difference at week 2 in urine metabolites after consumption of a UPF-DP compared with UN-DP. Mean differences in metabolites (n = 1279) were estimated for 20 participants via a linear mixed model adjusted for diet, phase, sequence, and time point and calculated EI during the week prior to sample collection with subject-specific random intercepts. The metabolites labeled in the figure consistently differed between the UPF-DP and UN-DP across all sample types and time points, as shown in Table 3. The metabolites above the horizontal black dashed line were statistically significantly different at week 2 after the Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons (n = 606). Super pathway (ie, general biochemical class) was assigned by Metabolon, Inc. for sorting compounds by broad biochemical classes. EI, energy intake; UN-DP, unprocessed dietary pattern; UPF-DP, ultraprocessed dietary pattern.