Table 1.
Demographics and injury characteristics.
| Variable | SA | EC | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC | Asym | Sym | p | HC | Asym | Sym | p | |
| n=139 | n=122 | n=81 | n=126 | n=100 | n=66 | |||
| Age, Mean (SD) | 14.83 (2.1) | 14.68 (2.0) | 15.17 (1.8) | 0.223 | 14.81 (2.0) | 14.56 (2.0) | 15.00 (1.8) | 0.351 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.133 | 0.191 | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 72 (51.8) | 79 (64.8) | 47 (58.0) | 65 (51.6) | 64 (64.0) | 39 (59.1) | ||
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 67 (48.2) | 42 (34.4) | 33 (40.7) | 61 (48.4) | 35 (35.0) | 27 (40.9) | ||
| Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Race, n (%) | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Black/African-American | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.8) | 7 (8.6) | 2 (1.6) | 1 (1.0) | 7 (10.6) | ||
| White | 126 (90.6) | 95 (77.9) | 54 (66.7) | 115 (91.2) | 76 (76.0) | 45 (68.2) | ||
| Asian | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.7) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.5) | ||
| Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.7) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.0) | ||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 3 (2.2) | 16 (13.1) | 10 (12.3) | 3 (2.4) | 14 (14.0) | 7 (10.6) | ||
| Multiple | 6 (4.3) | 10 (8.2) | 4 (4.9) | 4 (3.2) | 9 (9.0) | 4 (6.1) | ||
| Female sex, n (%) | 60 (43.2) | 48 (39.3) | 46 (57.8) | 0.043 | 55 (43.7) | 44 (44.0) | 36 (54.5) | 0.305 |
| WRAT-4 T-scores | 56.0 (11.0) | 50.18 (10.3) | 48.80 (9.8) | 0.000 | 55.83 (10.9) | 51.15 (10.2) | 48.88 (10.5) | 0.000 |
| PCSI Total, Mean (SD) | 19.0 (20.7) | 22.9 (20.6) | 48.0 (15.4) | 0.000 | 19.7 (18.6) | 21.2 (19.3) | 24.8 (19.4) | 0.217 |
| Parental Ed, Mean (SD) | 4.08 (1.3) | 3.39 (1.3) | 3.40 (1.2) | 0.000 | 4.07 (1.3) | 3.38 (1.4) | 3.42 (1.2) | 0.000 |
| ADHD, n (%) | - | 13 (10.7) | 6 (7.4) | 0.437 | - | 7 (7.0) | 5 (7.6) | 0.889 |
| LD, n (%) | - | 22 (18.0) | 10 (12.3) | 0.276 | - | 19 (19.0) | 9 (13.6) | 0.366 |
| LOC, n (%) | - | 63 (51.6) | 42 (51.9) | 0.976 | - | 49 (49.0) | 32 (48.5) | 0.948 |
| PTA, n (%) | - | 41 (33.6) | 36 (44.4) | 0.119 | - | 34 (34.0) | 30 (45.5) | 0.138 |
| Injury Cause, n (%) | 0.664 | 0.912 | ||||||
| Struck by object | - | 19 (15.6) | 12 (14.8) | 15 (15.0) | 11 (16.7) | |||
| Fall | - | 28 (23.0) | 21 (25.9) | - | 26 (26.0) | 19 (28.8) | ||
| Struck by person | - | 25 (20.5) | 16 (19.8) | - | 21 (21.0) | 13 (19.7) | ||
| MVC | - | 34 (28.0) | 23 (28.4) | - | 26 (26.0) | 18 (27.3) | ||
| Assault | - | 6 (4.9) | 7 (8.6) | - | 4 (4.0) | 3 (4.5) | ||
| Bicycle related | - | 9 (7.4) | 2 (2.5) | - | 7 (7.0) | 2 (3.0) | ||
| Other | - | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | - | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Sport-related, n (%) | - | 76 (62.3) | 41 (50.6) | 0.099 | - | 64 (64.0) | 36 (54.5) | 0.223 |
Notes: HC-healthy control; Asym-asymptomatic; Sym-symptomatic; PCSI – post concussion symptom inventory; ADHD – attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; LD – learning disability; LOC- loss of consciousness; PTA- post traumatic amnesia; MVC- motor vehicle crash; SA- sub acute; EC- early chronic; ISCED Cat = International Standard Classification of Education category. Parental education categories are based on the ISCED levels. Asym and Sym classifications at both visits are based on symptom report at SA visit.