Table 2.
Socioeconomic status disparities and the odds of being cognitive and physical functioning impaired
| ADL disability | IADL disability | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Intervals) | ||||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Whites (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Blacks | 1.68 (1.43,1.98)*** | 1.54 (1.29,1.83)*** | 1.56 (1.30,1.87)*** | 1.56 (1.33,1.82)*** | 1.32 (1.11,1.56)** | 1.36 (1.14,1.62)*** |
| Hispanics | 1.80 (1.50,2.15)*** | 1.86 (1.54,2.25)*** | 1.82 (1.48,2.24)*** | 1.31 (1.09,1.57)** | 1.36 (1.12,1.65)** | 1.37 (1.11,1.68)** |
| Asians | 1.06 (0.84,1.34) | 1.12 (0.90,1.39) | 0.87 (0.65,1.16) | 0.86 (0.69,1.08) | 0.88 (0.70,1.11) | 0.86 (0.63,1.17) |
| Education attainment | ||||||
| > High school (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≤ High school | 1.68 (1.39,2.03)*** | 1.47 (1.20,1.80)*** | 1.20 (0.78,1.85) | 1.85 (1.50,2.27)*** | 1.55 (1.23,1.94)*** | 1.64 (1.04,2.60)* |
| Race/ethnicity × education | ||||||
| Whites × education (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Blacks × education | 1.03 (0.56,1.88) | 0.70 (0.37,1.30) | ||||
| Hispanics × education | 1.27 (0.77,2.09) | 0.93 (0.55,1.58) | ||||
| Asians × education | 2.75 (1.38,5.48)** | 1.22 (0.59,2.52) | ||||
| Income | ||||||
| Not in poverty (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| In poverty | 2.24 (1.89,2.66)*** | 2.06 (1.72,2.48)*** | 2.17 (1.68,2.80)*** | 2.25 (1.89,2.67)*** | 1.90 (1.58,2.29)*** | 2.02 (1.56,2.61)*** |
| Race/ethnicity × income | ||||||
| Whites × poverty (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Blacks × poverty | 0.88 (0.60,1.27) | 0.83 (0.57,1.20) | ||||
| Hispanics × poverty | 0.82 (0.57,1.18) | 0.75 (0.51,1.08) | ||||
| Asians × poverty | 0.97 (0.54,1.73) | 1.16 (0.66,2.05]) | ||||
| Memory impairment (CERAD-WL) | Verbal fluency impairment (AFT) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Intervals) | ||||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Whites (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Blacks | 1.92 (1.50,2.46)*** | 1.63 (1.25,2.14)*** | 1.59 (1.20,2.11)** | 4.52 (3.53,5.78)*** | 4.16 (3.20,5.39)*** | 4.42 (3.38,5.78)*** |
| Hispanics | 2.34 (1.77,3.10)*** | 2.15 (1.61,2.87)*** | 2.04 (1.50,2.78)*** | 2.16 (1.62,2.88)*** | 2.14 (1.60,2.87)*** | 2.28 (1.66,3.13)*** |
| Asians | 1.49 (1.07,2.07)* | 1.34 (1.02,1.76)* | 1.08 (0.73,1.60) | 4.31 (3.05,6.08)*** | 3.59 (2.76,4.67)*** | 3.42 (2.04,5.73)*** |
| Education attainment | ||||||
| > High school (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≤ High school | 3.41 (2.49,4.66)*** | 3.19 (2.29,4.45)*** | 2.41 (1.32,4.38)** | 3.02 (2.20,4.14)*** | 2.80 (2.02,3.88)*** | 3.87 (2.21,6.77)*** |
| Race/ethnicity × education | ||||||
| Whites × education (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Blacks × education | 1.53 (0.64,3.64) | 0.41 (0.18,0.94)* | ||||
| Hispanics × education | 1.46 (0.72,3.00) | 0.65 (0.33,1.28) | ||||
| Asians × education | 4.84 (1.25,18.69)* | 0.39 (0.12,1.30) | ||||
| Income | ||||||
| Not in poverty (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| In poverty | 2.87 (2.21,3.73)*** | 2.70 (2.02,3.60)*** | 3.33 (2.27,4.89)*** | 2.07 (1.65,2.60)*** | 1.91 (1.50,2.44)*** | 1.85 (1.31,2.62)*** |
| Race/ethnicity × income | ||||||
| Whites × poverty (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Blacks × poverty | 0.43 (0.25,0.73)** | 1.01 (0.61,1.68) | ||||
| Hispanics × poverty | 0.63 (0.37,1.08) | 1.36 (0.80,2.31) | ||||
| Asians × poverty | 0.54 (0.25,1.17) | 0.81 (0.37,1.78) | ||||
ADL Activities of Daily Living, IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, CERAD-WL Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Word List, AFT Animal Fluency Test
All models were adjusted for NHANES sampling weights to account for nonresponse, unequal probabilities of selection, and poststratification
Model 1 were adjusted for age and sex
Model 2 were further adjusted for place of birth, language use, marital status, health insurance, smoking, and alcohol intake
Model 3 were added the interaction terms between race/ethnicity and education or income
* P < .05, ** P < .01, *** P < .001