TABLE 2.

Association between total fruit and vegetable density and dietary vitamin C and dietary carotenoids, Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: monitoring mothers-to-be (2010‒2013)

	Total fruit and vegetable density
	≥2.5 cups/1000 kcal n = 1379	<2.5 cups/1000 kcal n = 8659
Total dietary vitamin C
≥70 mg/d, %	94	69
Median [25th, 75th], mg/d	140 [102, 184]	103 [63, 113]
Difference in dietary vitamin C (95% CI),1 mg/d	70 (63, 77)	referent
Total dietary carotenoids
≥74 mg/d, %	91	70
Median [25th, 75th], mg/d	169 [114, 239]	111 [66, 127]
Difference in dietary carotenoids (95% CI),1 mg/d	85 (77, 92)	referent
Individual carotenoids, mg/d
Total dietary α-carotene, median [25th, 75th], mg/d	5.5 [3.0, 10]	2.2 [1.2, 4.2]
Total dietary β-carotene, median [25th, 75th], mg/d	60 [39, 90]	24 [14, 40]
Total dietary β-cryptoxanthin, median [25th, 75th], mg/d	2.0 [1.3, 2.8]	1.1 [0.7, 1.8]
Total dietary lutein/zeaxanthin, median [25th, 75th], mg/d	51 [30, 79]	19 [11, 32]
Total dietary lycopene, median [25th, 75th], mg/d	39 [25, 59]	37 [23, 58]

¹Based on targeted maximum likelihood estimation with SuperLearner with adjustment for participant’s age, education, race/ethnicity, marital status, prepregnancy smoking, medical insurance, gravidity, pre-existing diabetes, chronic hypertension, use of assisted reproductive technologies, periconceptional healthy eating index score, periconceptional physical activity, nausea and vomiting, health literacy, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, anxiety, neighborhood walkability, neighborhood deprivation, and percent of the neighborhood with income below the federal poverty line.