TABLE 3.

Effect of fruit and vegetable density, dietary vitamin C, and dietary carotenoids on the risk of preeclampsia and early-onset preeclampsia, Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: monitoring mothers-to-be (2010‒2013)

	Population at risk	Preeclampsia		Early-onset preeclampsia		Late-onset preeclampsia
	n	n (%)	Adjusted1 number of excess cases/100 pregnancies (95% CI)	n (%)	Adjusted1 number of excess cases/100 pregnancies (95% CI)	n (%)	Adjusted1 number of excess cases/100 pregnancies (95% CI)
Total fruit and vegetable density
<2.5 cups/1000 kcal	8659	746 (8.6)	referent	130 (1.5)	referent	616 (7.1)	referent
≥2.5 cups/1000 kcal	1379	88 (6.4)	–2.0 (–3.9, –0.1)	20 (1.5)	–0.2 (–0.8, 0.3)	68 (4.9)	–2.2 (–3.8, –0.6)
Dietary vitamin C
<70 mg/d	7304	605 (8.3)	referent	115 (1.6)	referent	194 (7.1)	referent
≥70 mg/d	2734	229 (8.4)	0.0 (–2.7, 4.0)	35 (1.3)	0.6 (0.1, 1.2)	490 (6.7)	–0.9 (–2.2, 0.4)
Dietary carotenoids
<74 mg/d	7360	594 (8.1)	referent	108 (1.5)	referent	198 (7.2)	referent
≥74 mg/d	2678	240 (8.8)	0.2 (–7.2, 3.6)	42 (1.5)	–0.3 (–1.0, 0.4)	486 (6.7)	0.2 (–0.9, 1.4)

¹Based on targeted maximum likelihood estimation with SuperLearner for each exposure, with adjustment for participant’s age, education, race/ethnicity, marital status, prepregnancy smoking, medical insurance, gravidity, pre-existing diabetes, chronic hypertension, use of assisted reproductive technologies, periconceptional healthy eating index score, periconceptional physical activity, nausea and vomiting, health literacy, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, anxiety, neighborhood walkability, neighborhood deprivation, and percent of the neighborhood with income below the federal poverty line.