Table 9.

Diabetes, concordant versus discordant plant-based index comparisons.

Outcome	N	hPDI versus PDI statistical significance with outcome			hPDI versus uPDI statistical significance with outcome			Studies (references)
		Favors hPDI*	Both same†	Favors PDI‡	Favors hPDI*	Both same†	Favors uPDI‡
Gestational diabetes	2	0	1	1	0	2	0	(31, 106)
HOMA-IR	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	(89)
QUICKI	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	(89)
Serum insulin	2	1	0	1	2	0	0	(24, 89)
Type 2 diabetes	5	2	3	0	4	0	0	(30, 36, 53, 57, 96)
Hemoglobin A1c	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	(26)

HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; PDI, plant-based dietary index; hPDI, healthful PDI; uPDI, unhealthful PDI; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. ^*Favors hPDI if hPDI hazard ratio statistical significance for the outcome is more favorable than the comparator (PDI or uPDI): e.g., hPDI significantly favorable and comparator non-significant or unfavorable, or hPDI non-significant and comparator unfavorable. ^†Both same if hPDI hazard ratio has same relationship to outcome as comparator (both significantly favorable, both non-significant, or both significantly unfavorable). ^‡Favors comparator (PDI or uPDI) if hazard ratio statistical significance for the outcome is more favorable than the hPDI: e.g., comparator significantly favorable and hPDI non-significant or unfavorable, or comparator non-significant and hPDI unfavorable.