Table 16.

Overview of EV charging configurations [145,149,151,156,158].

EV configurations	Merits	Demerits
Only grid power is used at the charging station.	Operating expenses will be less. It can assist with peak load levelling.	Oversaturation of the grid. Infrastructure for charging is required at a large capital cost.
Charging station that uses grid power and a system for storing energy	Adaptable operation in the face of failure. The owners will benefit from ESS.	Systemically difficult Grid integration is a significant disadvantage. Capital expenditures are substantial.
Charging station using grid power, renewable energy, and energy storage	The operating cost is too inexpensive. Convenient for charging multiple sources simultaneously.	Intricate in operation. Developing a system with efficient control algorithms will necessitate a greater financial investment. Identifying a defective system is challenging.
Technologies for battery swapping	The battery cells' durability will increase.	Initial establishment costs are substantial. Infrastructure for charging is required. The voltage, energy density, and shape of batteries need to be standardized by global OEMs.